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Chapter 21
A Turbulent DecadeThe Twenties
What qualities define the women in the photo as flappers?
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE: A TURBULENT DECADE: THE TWENTIES
I. Cars and Planes: The Promise of the Twenties
II. Cultural Unrest
III.Radical Violence and Civil Rights
IV.The New Woman
V. Ensuring Peace: Diplomacy in the Twenties
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE: A TURBULENT DECADE: THE TWENTIES
A. The Car Culture
B. On the Road
C. Welfare Capitalism and Consumer Culture
D. The Age of Flight: Charles A. Lindbergh
Cars and Planes:The Promise of the Twenties
How did cars transform urban and rural lifestyles?
What features and controversies characterized America’s transformation into a car culture in the 1920s? How did lifestyles and labor relations also change during the decade?
The Car Culture
What messages did the architecture of roadside gas stations convey?
On the Road
How did ethnic profiling and welfare capitalism promise to help industrialists run their factories more efficiently?
What job could you have gotten in this factory?
How did a mass popular culture emerge in the twenties?
Welfare Capitalism and Consumer Culture
What symbolic significance did Americans attach to Charles Lindberg’s solo flight across the Atlantic?
Why did Americans celebrate Lindbergh’s solo flight to Paris?
The Age of Flight: Charles A. Lindbergh
Spirit of St. Louis - The plane that Charles Lindbergh piloted on the first-ever nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris on May 21, 1927.
The Age of Flight: Charles A. Lindbergh
A. Lynching, Racial Rioting, and the Ku Klux Klan
B. Marcus Garvey
C. The Harlem Renaissance
Racial Violence and Civil Rights
What critique did the Lost Generation offer of American society?
The Lost Generation
Why did Americans eventually conclude that national prohibition was a failed experiment?
Prohibition
Eighteenth Amendment - Eighteenth Amendment (1919) Constitutional amendment that banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of intoxicating liquors
Volstead Act (1919) - Law that established criminal penalties for manufacturing, transporting, or possessing alcohol.
Prohibition
Twenty-First Amendment (1933) - Constitutional amendment that repealed the Eighteenth Amendment.
Prohibition
Why did the nation enact strict immigration restrictions in the twenties?
What competing visions over radicalism emerged during the Sacco-Vanzetti trial?
The First Red Scare and Immigration Restrictions
Immigration Act of 1924 - Law that allowed unrestricted immigration from the Western Hemisphere, curtailed all Asian immigration, and used quotas to control how many immigrants emigrated from individual European nations.
The First Red Scare and Immigration Restrictions
First Red Scare (1919-1920) - Period when the Justice Department arrested and deported alien anarchists and Communists suspected of trying to destroy American democracy and capitalism.
The First Red Scare and Immigration Restrictions
Why did Fundamentalism object to teaching evolution in public schools?
What cultural and religious tensions were exposed during the Scopes Trial?
Fundamentalism
Compare the various manifestations of cultural conflict in the twenties. What similar impulses motivated Americans to enact prohibition, immigration restrictions, and laws prohibiting the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution? What differing impact did these various reforms have on American society?
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism - An evangelical Christian theology that viewed the Bible as an authentic recounting of historical events and the absolute moral word of God.
Modernism - A liberal Christian theology embraced in many urban areas that emphasized the ongoing revelation of divine truth.
Fundamentalism
A. The Lost Generation
B. Prohibition
C. The First Red Scare and Immigration Restrictions
D. Fundamentalism
Cultural Unrest
Why were the Harlem Renaissance and Marcus Garvey controversial?
Racial Violence and Civil Rights
Harlem Renaissance - An outpouring of African American artistic expression in the 1920s and 1930s.
Racial Violence and Civil Rights
What does this souvenir postcard reveal about the ritual of lynching?
Why did membership in the Ku Klux Klan surge in the twenties?
Lynching, Racial Rioting, and the Ku Klux Klan
Why did Garvey elicit such strong emotions among both followers and critics?
Marcus Garvey
Universal Negro Improvement Association - Organization founded by Marcus Garvey to spread his message of racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and returning to Africa.
Marcus Garvey
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How did Garvey and Du Bois link the U.S. Civil Rights Movement to international politics?
In these poems how do responses to racism vary?
What competing views across over the purpose of art during the Harlem Renaissance?
The Harlem Renaissance
New Negro - Spirit of black racial pride and militancy that set a younger generation of African American artists and civil rights leaders apart from their predecessors.
“The Jazz Age” - Nickname for the twenties that reflected the popularity of jazz music.
The Harlem Renaissance
Claude McKay
“If We Must Die” (1919)
If we must die, let it not be like hogsHunted and penned in an inglorious spot,While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,Making their mock at our accursed lot.If we must die, O let us nobly die,So that our precious blood may not be shedIn vain; then even the monsters we defyShall be constrained to honor us though dead!O kinsmen we must meet the common foe!Though far outnumbered let us show us brave,And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!What though before us lies the open grave?Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack,Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!
Countee Cullen
“Incident” (1924)
Incident Once riding in old Baltimore,Heart-filled, head-filled with glee,I saw a BaltimoreanKeep looking straight at me. Now I was eight and very small,And he was no whit bigger,And so I smiled, but he poked outHis tongue, and called me, "Nigger." I saw the whole of BaltimoreFrom May until December;Of all the things that happened thereThat's all that I remember.
Langston Hughes
“I, Too, Sing America” (1925)I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then.
Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed– I, too, am America.
A. Life for Women in the Twenties
B. Margaret Sanger and the Fight for Birth Control
The New Woman
Were the 1920s a time of political, economic, and social liberation for women? What traditional concerns or ideas remained intact?
What different strategies did women develop to improve their lives in the twenties?
Women in the Twenties
Equal Rights Amendment - Failed proposal to add a constitutional amendment removing all laws pertaining only to women.
Women in the Twenties
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How did the popular media define “the new women?”
What arguments did Sanger make to support her campaign for legal contraception?
Margaret Sanger and the Fight for Birth Control
Eugenicists - Those who wanted to improve the human race by controlling its hereditary qualities.
Margaret Sanger and the Fight for Birth Control
A. Disarmament
B. Wartime Debts
Ensuring Peace: Diplomacy in the Twenties
How did Harding’s foreign policy visions differ from Wilson’s?
What benefits and drawbacks did the Washington Conference agreements offer the United States?
Disarmament
Washington Conference - Meeting of world powers that resulted in agreements that limited naval arms, reaffirmed America’s Open Door policy that kept Chinese trade open to all, and secured pledges of cooperation among the world’s leading military powers.
Disarmament
Kellogg-Briand Pact - Treaty that renounced aggressive war as an instrument of national policy.
Disarmament
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Did the Kellogg-Briand Pact represent a new path in American foreign policy?
How did the United States fashion a new role for the nation in world affairs in the twenties? What ideals informed American foreign policy in this era?
How did lingering financial issues from World War I shape relations between the United States and Europe?
Why did the United States intervene to settle European financial crises in the 1920s?
Wartime Debts
Dawes Plan - International agreement that loaned Germany $200 million in gold to pay a reduced reparation bill and gave Germany more time to meet its debt.
Wartime Debts
