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The Biological Basis of Behavior
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Neurons: The Messengers
Neurons vary in size and shape
All are specialized to receive and transmit information
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Myelinated neuron (Fig. 2-1)
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Three Types of Neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons: Carry messages from sense organs to the spinal
cord or brain
Motor (efferent) neurons: Carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to
the muscles and glands
Interneurons (association neurons): Carry messages from one neuron to another
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Glial CellsThe nervous system also contains glial cells, or glia, which:
Hold neurons in place, provide nourishment, and remove waste
Prevent harmful substances from passing from the bloodstream into the brain
Form the myelin sheath
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The Neural Impulse (Fig. 2-2)
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The Synapse
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Major NeurotransmittersAcetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Endorphins
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Neural PlasticityThe brain has the ability to be changed by experience.
Rosenzweig (1984)
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The Central Nervous SystemThe nervous system has two parts:
The central nervous system (CNS)• the brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)• linking all of the body's parts to the CNS
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The Brain
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Four Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
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The Limbic SystemThe structures listed below are often considered to constitute the limbic system. This system is involved in olfaction, emotions, learning, and memory. The limbic system was introduced as a concept by Paul MacLean in 1952 and was long considered the seat of the emotions. Though some of the structures included in this system are in fact involved in some emotional responses, we now know that it does not correspond exactly to any of the multiple emotional systems in the brain.
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Hemispheric SpecializationCerebrum has two separate cerebral hemispheres
Connected by the corpus callosum
Split-brain research
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Two Cerebral Hemispheres
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Processing of speech and language
Language
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Tools for Studying the BrainMicroelectrode techniques
Macroelectrode techniques
Structural imaging
Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CT)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional imaging
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Magnetic Source Imaging (MSI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning
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The Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous SystemThe peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains two types of neurons:
afferent neurons
efferent neurons
The PNS is divided into two subsystems
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
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Autonomic Nervous System
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The Endocrine SystemEndocrine Glands:
Tissues that produce and release hormones
Hormones:
Chemical substances released by glands that help regulate bodily activities
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Endocrine GlandsPituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroids
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Gonads
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Genes, Evolution, and BehaviorBehavioral Genetics
What is the relationship between heredity and behavior?
Evolutionary Psychology
What are the origins of behavior, and what adaptive value do they provide?
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GeneticsGenes
Chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Patterns of InheritanceDominant genes, recessive genes
Polygenic inheritance
Genotypes and phenotypes
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Behavior GeneticsA variety of methods are used to study the contribution of genesAnimal behavior genetics
• Strain studies• Selection studies
Human behavior genetics• Family studies• Twin studies• Adoption studies
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Average Risk of Schizophrenia Among Biological Relatives ofPeople with SchizophreniaAverage risk of schizophrenia among
biological relatives (Fig. 2-19)
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Social ImplicationsNew challenges have arisen as a result of our better understanding of genes.
Modern prenatal screening
Over-simplified reporting of genetic technologies in mass media
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Evolutionary PsychologyExamining adaptive value of behaviors from an evolutionary perspective
Common applicationsLanguageMate selection
Criticisms
