Chapter 2 (Teacher )

Biology Teaching and Learning ModuleCELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CONCEPT MAP

CELL

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Structure, Function and Comparison

Organelles Non organelles

Nucleus Ribosome Chloroplast Vacuole Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Mitochondrion Golgi Apparatus Cell WallReticulum

Cell organization and specialization

2.1 Understanding Cell

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Do You Know Who is Robert Hooke?

Suggestion for experiment:

1. Prepare slide of onion epidermal cell and cells of Hydrilla sp. leaf to study a plant cell structure.

2. Prepare slide of human cheek cells to study an animal cell structure.

3. State the technique that you use in these experiment..

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Tips for you:1. All living organisms are made of cells.2. A cell is a basic unit of life .3. Plant cell differ from animal cell4. Each cell component has specific function

The first man introduced the term “cell” after viewing the cells of a piece of cork using a primitive light microscope


2.1.1 a) By using different colour, draw and match the organelles in a plant cell and in an animal cell below.

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Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion (dark blue)

Chloroplast (Green)

Golgi Apparatus( orange)

Nucleus (red)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (purple)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (brown)

Ribosome (black )

Vacuole (yellow)

Vesicles (light blue)

Plant CellAnimal Cell


b) List the organelles which hasi) single layer membrane ii) double layers membraneGolgi apparatus NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum mitochondriaRibosome Chloroplast

c) Identify organelles and non organellesi) organelles ii) non organelles

Golgi apparatus Plasma membraneEndoplasmic reticulum CytoplasmRibosome Cell wallNucleusmitochondriaChloroplastnucleolusvacuole

d) Complete structures ( organelle / part of cell ) and functions in table belowOrganelle / part of

cellFunction

Nucleus Controls the activities of the cell.Responsible for cell reproduction and repair of worn-out parts of the cell.

Chloroplast Absorb light for photosynthesis

Ribosome The main sites of protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Transports proteins made by the ribosomes through the cistemea

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis

Golgi apparatus Processing, packaging and transporting phospholipids and glycoprotein

Mitochondrion Is the main site where aerobic respiration takes place to release energy for cell activities.

Vacuole Contains water and dissolved substances such as sugars and mineral salts.

Plasma membrane Controls the chemicals that enter or leave the cell. Allows only some substances to pass trough it and stops others.

Cytoplasm Supports the organelles such as mitochondria, vacuoles and chloroplast in the cell. Site where most of the cell activities and chemicals reactions take place.

Cell wall It protects and gives support to the cellIt gives the cell a regular shape.

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2.1.2 Complete the similarities and the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.

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2. cell wall absent

3. chloroplast absent

4. centriol present

An animal cell A plant cell

1. does not have a fixed shape 1. has a fixed shaped

2. cell wall present

3. chloroplast present

4. centriol absent

Both has 1. nucleus 2. motochondria 3. ribosome

4. rough endoplasmic reticulum

5. cytoplasm 6. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

7. membrane palsm8. golgi apparatus


2.1.3 Predict type of organelle which is found in large numbers in each cell shown below. Explain why.

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Organelle : mitochondria

Explanation : mitochondrion is a site for cellular respiration which release energy.Sperm cells require large amounts of energy to propel towards the uterus and fallopian tube during fertilization.

Sperm cell


Explanation : mitochondrion is a site for cellular respiration which release energy.Nerve cells require large amounts of energy to bring impulse.

Nerve cell


Muscle fibers

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Pancreas cells

Organelle : ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondriaExplanation : Ribosome : synthesis enzyme ( protein )Rough endoplasmic reticulum : transport proteinSmooth endoplasmic reticulum : synthesis and transport fatMitochondria : site for energy production to synthesis and transport protein


Explanation : mitochondrion is a site for cellular respiration which release energy.Muscles require large amounts of energy to contract.

Mesophyll palisade cells


2.2 Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell.

2.2.1 State organelle which is involve in the process of protein synthesis such as enzyme in the passage below.

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Meristematic cells

Organelle: mitochondria

Explanation : mitochondrion is a site for cellular respiration which release energy.Meristematic cells require large amounts of energy to run mitosis.

Organelle : chloroplast

Explanation : absorbed light for photosynthesis


A genetic material for a type of enzyme will be synthesis found in nucleus / chromosome. Double Helix DNA open and a RNA chain which carry the material move out from nucleus to ribosome. Protein which has been synthesis by ribosome will be sent to rough endoplasmic reticulum and transported to golgy apparatus by transport vesicle . From golgi apparatus protein which has been modified transported out of the cell and applied at targeted organs.

Base on the above statement what conclusion can be made?

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In a cell there are many types of organelles which cooperated to synchronize the function of the cell


2.2.2 a) Observe each electron micrograph below. Identify and label organelles which can be found.

Figure 6 (b)

b) What will happen if the organelles that you identified in figure 6 (a) and 6(b) does not present in the cell and state the effect .

No. Organelle effect of the absent

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Figure 6 (a)


1 Nucleus All cell activity cannot be controlled.

2 Golgi apparatus Synthesis of carbohydrates, glycoprotein and hormone cannot be finished.

3 Vesicle Protein which has been modified cannot be transport out of the cell.

4 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Synthesis and transported of fat and glycerol cannot be done.

5 Mitochondrion No energy produced

Any other possible answer Suitable answers

Exercise

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1. Figure 1 shows the structure of an animal cell which can be seen under an electron microscope. P, Q, R and S are the structures in the cell. X is rod in shape and has 1mm to 2mm lengths

a) Label P, Q, R and S on the diagram.[ 4 markah]

P Nucleus Q vacuole R Plasma membrane S Chromosome

b) State the function for P, Q, R and SP : Control activity of the cellQ: Contain water, minerals and metabolic substances.R: Control the substances that enter or leave the cell.

S: Carry genetic material.[ 4 markah]

C) (i) Name organelle X.

Mitochondrion[ 1 markah]

(II) The number of organelles X in an animal somatic cell is differ from an animal gamete cell. Explain why Fact : Organelle X is a site for energy production. Explanation : male gamete( sperm ) cells active, need more energy to mobile for the process of fertilization compared to somatic cells which are not so active.

[ 2 markah]

d) (i) Name organelle Y which is a small particle and state where is it located.

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nucleus

vacuole


Ribosome, located at rough endoplasmic reticulum

[ 1 markah]

(ii) State the functions of organelle Y

Site for protein synthesis [ 1 markah]

e) Describe the difference between Q in an animal cell with Q in a plant cell.

Q in an animal cell small in size, but in a plant cell the size is bigger.

[ 1 markah]

f) What will happen if this animal cell does not have organelle Y.

Protein / enzyme cannot be synthesis [ 1 markah]

CELL ORGANISATIONTEACHER’S GUIDE SCHEME

CHAPTER 6Amoeba sp.

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No. Component Function1 Nucleus -carry genetic information

-Controls and regulates all the activities of the cell

2 Pseudopodium -for movement- surrounds and engulfs the food particle

3 Food vacuoles -contains enzyme for food digestion4 Contractile vacuole -collected and eliminated excess water //

regulated osmotic concentration of fluid cell 5 Cell membrane - regulates the movement of substances into

and out of the cell (only allows small molecules)

AMOEBA’S FEEDING

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1Amoeba approaches the food particle4

food is digested by digestion enzyme and

absorbed into cytoplasm


Cell Organisation

Analogy of formation cell to tissue

Types of Celll Types of tissue The number of celll types

Cell x Tissue ROne type of cell

Cell y Tissue S

Two types of cell

Cell z Tissue T

Three types of cell

Exercise 1:

1. Fill in the coloumn with the number of cell type forming the R, S and T tissue2. What observation can be made about tissue?. :

(i) R …. Identical cell is formed one type of tissue, cell x(ii) S…. is formed by cell x and cell y(iii) T… Three types of cell are involved to form one tissue, cell x, cell y and cell

z.3. What inference can be made about tissue?

Tissue is formed by one or two or three types of cell 4. Give examples of tissue R, S and T

(i) R ….epitelium, cardiac, smooth muscle, adipose tissue(ii) S…. blood ( erytrocyte dan leucocyte)(iii) T….. nerve ( afferent neurone, efferent neurone and interneurone)

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3Formation of food vacuole

2Amoeba’s Pseudopodium surrounds and engulfs the food particles


Exercice 2:Figure of SKIN

The Skin is an organ Base on figure, identify the tissues which are involved to form skin.

TissueEpitheliumNerveBloodErector muscle

Explain the importance of tissue specialisation on multicellular animals

To provide the need of organism from environment to cells in the body and from cells to environment.

Carry out specific task as : Role Description

(i) Transportation—blood tissue- erytrocyte transport oxygen from lungs to body

cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs through Blood Circulatory system

(ii) Digestion - tissue,epithelium secretes extracellular enzyme to digest complex substances into simple substances for absorption

(iii) Protection – epithelium tissue at skin to prevent from bacteria

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- epithelium tissue at trachea to prevent from dust- adipose tissue at skin to protect heat lost - organ surrounded by adipose tissue to protect internal organ

(iv) Connection – nerves tissue- carry information from sensory organ to spinal cord

DRAW A SUITABLE DIAGRAM FOR THE TISSUE SHOWN

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TIS

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PE

NG

HU

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SCLE

TIS

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OTO

TN

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TYPICAL STRUCTURE

skin Body cavities At alementary canal

STRUCTURE :

blood Loose fibrous Compact bone

STRUCTURE :

Skeletel muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

STRUCTURE

Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron


CELL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS

Assingment :

1. Identify the cell types that form the vascular tissue on the plant bulk.- tracheid and vessel xylem ( xylem tissue)- companion cell and sieve tube ( floem tissue)

2. Referring to the diagram, explain about the function of each tissue

Parenchyma tissue- store sugar and starch- gives support and shape to herbaceous plants

Sclerenchyma tissue- have cell walls which are uniformly thickened by lignin and may be dead- give support and mechanical strength to mature regions of a plant

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Vascular tissuexylem tissue

- transport water and dissolved minerals salts from the roots to the other parts of the plant

- thickened with lignin to provide support and mechanical strength to the plant

floem tissue- transport organic compounds such as newly synthesised carbohydrates

and amino acids in the leaf to other parts of the plant.

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Chapter 2 (Teacher )