Chapter 2 Ru

7/31/2019 Chapter 2 Ru

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, we explain about non-Formal definition, procedures in

Establishing Non-Formal Education, the main aspects in Organizational

Management, Marketing, and The Design of Learning Program.

2.1 Definition of Non Formal Education

Sudjana (2001:63) He says that non formal education presents when we are

interacting by the invironment where this education presents in our society as the

result of our socialization. According to Coombs (Trisnamansyah, 2003:19) that non-

formal education is every activity that is organized outside of school system and all of

the activities are doing by people or an organization that have obligation to give

service for student to achieve the goal. Based on those teories, non formal education

is a program that is organized outside of school and formed by the human.

2.2 Procedures in Establishing Non-Formal EducationThere are three process of establishing course. Firstly, the owner of course has

to go to the Implementation Unit of the District Agency for Education at the Sub

District level (UPTD) in every city. This coffice has a function to response all of

people who want to establish a course. In this office the owner has to submit a

recommendation letter from village office and a registration letter for UPTD. UPTD

will organize the observation to that course. This way ensures and proves that course

still exist or no and the establishment of course depends on the result of observation.

After getting the recommendation letter from UPTD, the owner has to consult that

course for the Indonesian Association of Non-Formal Course Operators (HIPKI) to

get another recommendation letter.


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Secondly, after going to the Implementation Unit of the District Agency for

Education at the Sub District level (UPTD), the owner has to go to the Indonesian

Association of Non-Formal Course Operators (HIPKI). In this office, the owner has

to submit the recommendation letter from UPTD. This agency has a function as the

consulter. The owner has to submit another requirement. Those are the

recommendation letter which is issued by the Technical Implementation Unit of the

District Agency for Education at the Sub District level (UPTD), a copy of notary act

for the shape of the foundation, a photo copy of ID card of the owner, a photo copy of

portfolio of the owner, the biography of the owner, a certificate of good personality

(SKCK) of the owner which is issued by police office, the curriculum of the courses,

the rules of the course, the map of course location, the photograph of the owner which

the size 4 X 6 (2 pieces), photo of the course, the business domicile certificate from

the district, a copy of education certificate of the founder, organization structure of

the course and stamp. After gave all of the requirements, HIPKI will organize second

observation to ensure and prove the real condition in that course and next HIPKI will

issue a recommendation letter for the owner of the proposer as one of requirements to

the last procedure. That is submitting the application to obtain legal permit to District

Agency for Education.

Finally, the owner has to go to the District Agency for Education. In this

agency, the owner has to submit some requirements also. Those are: Filling out the

form provided in the office of District Agency for Education, a copy of ID card the

founder, a copy of education certificate of the founder , a CV of founder , a SKCK of

the founder ,a curriculum of the course, rules of the courses, a map of course

location, a copy of notary act, land certificate, 5 photos of the owner size 4 X 6, the

result of survey from HIPKI, recommendation letter from HIPKI and a stamp Rp.

6000. If the owner has completed all of the requirement, th District Agency for

Education will give a permission for establishment of course. But the owner will get

status as long as 6 months.

These are all the steps to establish of course:


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2.3 Management

According to Dr.SP. Siagian (2008), management is a skill or an effort to

achieve the result or the goal by another people helping. Different from Dr.SP.

Siagian, Marry Parker Follet (1999) says that management is an art to finish the job

from another peoples effort.

James A.F. Stonner (2001) argued that management is the process of

planning, organizing, direction and observation for the efforts from the members of

company and using of the human resources in other that the goal can be achieved.

Ordway Tead and Drs. H.E. Rosyidi (2005) says in a book is named of

Organization and Management, management is a process and an effort to be a

leader to achieve the goal of company.

From those oppinions, there are functions of management and these are the

explanation:

1. According to George Terry (1966):a. PlanningPlanning is all main ideas of determining about the events that will be

organized in the future as the goal of company.

UPTD Jember

(the subDistric Level)

HIPKI (the

IndonesianAssociation ofNon- Formal

CourseOperators)

the DistricAgency forEducation


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b. OrganizingOrganizing is all process of grouping person, tools, duties, responsibility, and

the right of establishing an organization that can achieve the goal that was fixed.

c. ActuatingActuating is all designing program for the employers who are ready to work

and achieve the compnys goal.

d. ControllingControlling is the process of observation all activity and that has a function to

controll all duty as appropriate as plan.

2. Handoko (2000:21) says:a. PlanningPlanning is a choice or decision the policy of strategic as the procedure of

estimate that is needed in achieement of companys goal.

b. Organizing- The decision of sources and activities those are needed for achiving of

companys goal.

- Planning and developing of organization those can achieve the goal.- Giving an assignment- Delegating for every employer to do their job.

c. StaffingStaffing is training and developing of recruitment, staffing and giving

orientation for the employer those are causing the employer to enjoy a profit and

productive.

d. Leading


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Leading has function that is making or getting the employer who has a

responsibility.

e. ControllingControlling is the process of observation all activity and that has a function to

controll all the job as appropriate as plan.

So, management is a job that has to do by people who have a relationship by

the company to achieve the goal. Besides, management also has a function. There are

5 functions to achieve the companys goal.

From those definitions and functions, management has 3 parts of

management. These are:

2.3.1 Organizational Management

Pfiffner and Sherwood (1955) say that the organization is the way of making a

communication and meeting complectively in restructure the goal of organization

systematically. Bakke (1970) argues that the organization is a system continuosly

from the using of coordination that consist of human, material, capital, argument,

and resource to solve all the problems.

Allen (1980) has argument that the organization is the process of

identification and forming job, defining and delegating the duty or responsibility of

job, and those processes have a goal to make teamwork to achieve the goal of

company.

Dr. Hanif Ismail, Akt and Dr. Darsono Prawironegoro, SF, M.M.,MA (1999)

argued that Organizational Management is process and structural sistematically to

achieve the goal effectively, efficiently, and economically. Organizational

management must be appropriate for the strategy of company. Because when an

organization does not has a good structural or management design that will influence

for companys planning. Financial management and Human Resource Management

are components of Organizational management those have function for the endurance


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of company. All of the systems must be planned maximumly to reach the result

satisfiedly.

So, Organizational management is managing all the activities, employers, and

functions for every job in the office systematically to achieve the goal.

2.3.2 Financial Management

Every company has a financial management. According to

Gitosudarmono,I,M (2001:233) that we can classificate it as 2 kinds. Those are

operational need and funding need. Operational need is necessity of the office that

has made an agreement and used to fund the office. Funding need is all the funds that

are got. From that statement, financial management has formula to account all of the

profit or detriment of the office. It is BEP (Break Event Point).

Many of specialists argued about BEP. Include Alwi (1994:265) said that BEP

is one of the activity of company is not getting a profit or detriment.

Different from Alwi, Mulyadi (1997:72) argues BEP is one of the conditions

that a company has not a profit or financial loss. Although the company does not has

a profit or financial loss, it means that all of the results just fulfill the variable cost.

Hansen and Mowen (1997:230) have argument that BEP is when total

revenues equal total cost, the point of zero profits.

Ross, Randolph and Bradford (1998:309) think that Break Event Analysis is a

popular and commonly used tool for analyzing the relationship between sales volume

and profitability.

So, break event point is the way to determine that is our companys condition

has a profit or zero profit. This is the formula of BEP:

Variable Cost

BEP (unit) =

Unit PricePrice per Unit


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According to Alwi (1994:724) said that the formula of BEP in Rupiah is:

Constant Cost

BEP (Rupiah) =

Variable Cost

1 -

Revenue Cost

So, financial management is one of the necessity in the office that has

influence for processing of achievement the companys goal. Generally, it can in the

form of money or fund.

2.3.3 Human Resource ManagementLeonard Nadler (1998) argues Learning activity that resource management is

organized on certain term to improve their expertise.

Jack Welh (1998) says that without the right person, the strategic of company

does not work. The Executive Director of Starbucks, Howard Schultz said that take

smarter person and let them work by themselves.

Human resource management has 2 devisions. These are Functional devisions

and Product devisions.

A. Functional DivisionsDR. Sedarmayanti, M.Pd. (2001:150) says the functional divisions are one of

the parts in the organization that help the organization can achieve the goal. In this

organization, we explain divisions of our organization. Firstly, Director as the leader

of organization who gives orders to divisions for achievement the organization.

Secondly, Human Resource is a division who gives an attetion to customer and

another division who need an helping. This division is so important for the

organization. Because, it will help the organization to understand what they should so


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to achieve the goal. Thirdly, Financial Development is a division who has a job to

manage the income and expulsion in that organization. Not only manage the income

and expulsion the organization, but also this division will help the organization to

develop all of the organizations necessity. Fourthly, financial management is

devision that has to manage all of the income from the customer and give the report

for Financial Development. Finally, marketing is the most important division in an

organization. Because, marketing division will help the oranization to look for the

customer and if marketing does not work that will be influencing the organization.

B. Product DivisionsPhilip Kotler (1997)explains that A product is anything that can be offered

to a market to satisfy a want or need, product that are marketed include physical

goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations,

informations and ideas (Kotler : 200:234).

According to J. Stanton, product is a set of tangible and tangible attributes,

including packaging, color, price, manufacturers prestige and manufacturers and

retailer which the buyer may accept as offering want-satisfaction (W.J.Stanton,

1981:192). He says that the product division is producing all the products that can be

sold in the market which the company would get the profit.

2.4 MarketingWY. Stanton (2000) argues that marketing a sytems in organization has a goal

to plan and determine a price of thing or service until how to promote and distribute it

in other that the customer can satisfied. WY. Stanton, H. Nystrom (2001) says that

marketting is a ditributing of a product or service from the producer to customer.

According these oppinions, marketting is the activity of producer to promote and

distribute all of their product or service to customer in other to make the customer

satisfied.


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Based on Mr. Dr. M. Mursid (2005), marketting is not only an organization

that is producing a product to fulfill the customer necessity, but also how to offer the

product better than the competitor. Because,customers can buy a product from

another organization as appropriate as their necessity.

Kotler (1999) says that marketing is one of the human activity has a goal to

make the customer satisfied their willingness and necessity from Exchange method.

And Drs. Basu Swastha DH., M.B.A (1998) has oppinion that marketing is one of the

activities in Economic and help companies to create economize.

American Marketing Association (1950) thinks that marketing is just a selling

of product or service and the main purpose is distribution. Different from Philip and

Duncan (1980), they argue that steps are used or needed to put all of the products or

services those are tangible on customers oppinion. So, marketing is a System that is

focused on distribution of product or service and making the customer believes.

2.5 The Course Design

.According to Ryder (2003) the design of Course Design is method or model

that can help us to understand an explanation. Every design of learning program has

characteristic for making the learners understand and the design of learning program

is offering structural and comprehension it self. It makes the developer of education

can understand specifically and solve all the problems in eduction easier.

2.5.1 Syllabus

BSNP defines syllabus is a planning of material for teaching and learning and

those have competency standart, base of competency, teaching material, teaching

activity, indicator, assesment, time limitation, and source/ material/ tool for teaching

and learning activity.


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According to GBPP or Broad Outline of the Teaching Program, Syllabus has

3 functions. Those are:

a. PreventiveTo preven the lecturer or teacher is doing unnecessary and not suitable

with the curriculum.

b. CorrectiveA SAP (Satuan Acara Perkuliahan) is the rule which it is obeyed by the

teacher and as an orientation.

c. ConstructiveAn SAP (Satuan Acara Perkuliahan) gives the specify information about

the organizing and developing of education that is appropriate by

Curricullum.

From those fucntions, there are some of the principals of syllabus

determining. Because,it will help us to arrange the syllabus.

a. Relevancy1. It means that the syllabus has to appropriate by the environment of

student.

2. Syllabus has to relevance by the developing of Technology.3. The last is syllabus has to appropriate by the demand of Job world.

b. Effectivity1. Teaching effectively by the teacher.2. Learning effectively by the student.

c. EffeciencyTo efficient for education that means: to efficient in time, fee, tools,

and energy.

d. ContinuityEvery material has relation by another material or activity.

e. Comprehensive


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All of the activity and components in SAP (Satuan Acara Perkuliahan)

are the unity that is interacting and interfucntion as integrated as and

harmonious to achieve a goal of teaching.

f. FlexybilityA SAP (Satuan Acara Perkuliahan) is not clumsy, but it has to smooth

and has a freedom of action that is caused by the situation and

condition in teaching proses.

2.5.2 Instructional Methods

According to Nana Sudjana (2005:76) Learning method is the way of teacher

by making a relationship between teacher and student in teaching and learning.

Different from Nana Sudjana, M. Sobri Sutikno says that (2009:88) learning method

is the way to inform the knowledge for student and in other that is happened learning

process for student to achieve the goal.

From above statements, Benny A. Pribadi (2009:11) argues that the goal of

learning is ordering to student can achieve the goal, there is needed a teaching and

learning systematically.

In teaching and learning there are needed an approach for student and

Newman and Logan (Abin Syamsuddin Makmun, 2003) says four strategics for

approching the students. These are:

1. To identify and take the specification and output with the target withinconsider the aspiration and the necessary of public

2. To consider and choose the basic way effectively3. To consider and take steps for approching the student from the first time until

the last

4. To consider and take criteria and standart to measure the achievement.Nuneaton Squadron, Air Training Corps (121) says that Instructional Methods

is the basic approach used by the instructor, for example, lecture, demonstration, or

guided descussion. The following methods of instruction can be used by the

instructor to achieve the training objectives:


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a. LectureA Lecture is a verbal and visual presentation of information by an instructor

with little or no response requirred from the students.

Characteristics

The major characteristics of the lecture method are:

Straight talk or exposition by the instructor.

No questions until the end of the lesson.

No student participation during the lecture.

Heavy reliance on frequent progressive summaries.

Heavy reliance on training aids to support teaching.

Uses

The lecture method is used when:

The audience is large,

The time is restricted,

There is a considerable amount of factual information.

Types of information

The lecture method should be used to provide information on:

Rules

Policies.

When a briefing or general overview is required.

Advantages

The main advantages of the lecture method are:

A large amount of information can be given,

There is no limit to class size,

The instructor is totally in control of sequence and content,

Any area can be used providing hearing and visibility are sufficient.

Disadvantages

The major disadvantages of the lecture method are:

One-way communication


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Inappropriate for teaching skills

Impact on the learner is mainly aural

Learner is encouraged to be passive

Instructors responsibilities

The responsibilities of the instructor / presenter during a lecture is to:

Continually check for non-verbal feedback.

Use training aids of high visual quality.

Vary voice quality (pitch and volume).

Motivate students.

b. Group DiscussionGroup Discussion is Two or more people who come together to discuss a

topic.Experiences are shared, opinions expressed, alternatives discussed, and action is

planned. Interaction between individual members or between similar groups may

provide the catalyst for problem solving and for effective planning.

Uses

Group (or Guided) Discussions are used to:

Identify, explore, and seek out solutions to problems - problem solving.

Develop plans for action.

Develop attitudes - where necessary, to change attitudes through an amicable

examination of the evidence.

Develop leadership skills.

Supplement other methods of instruction.

Encourage use of higher mental skills - analysis, evaluation.

Provide feedback on students and previous instruction.

Advantages

The following are the main advantages of group discussion:

Provides a stimulating instructional environment.


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Such a group pools experiences, abilities and knowledge in order to reach

recognised objectives.

Provides for the full participation of every member.

Increased student participation increases learning and retention.

Students are more likely to accept validity and importance of the content if they are

involved.

Disadvantages

Following are the major disadvantages of group discussions:

Can be time consuming, particularly if persons with strong convictions or widely

different backgrounds are involved.

Requires highly experienced staff.

Only useful for small groups.

More suited to mature or experienced students.

Instructor responsibilities

The responsibilities of the instructor during a group discussion are to:

Ask questions, redirects answers, extracts information/opinions, avoids offering

own opinions.

Encourage student participation.

Keep the discussion moving and on track.

c. TutorialTutorial is Tutoring (coaching) is usually defined as a method of instruction in

which the instructor works directly with an individual student or small group of

students. It may involve lecture, demonstration, theory, guided discussion or any

combination of these.

Uses

Tutorials are used to:

Teach highly complex skills and operations which involve dangers to men or to

expensive equipment.


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Provide individualised remedial instruction.

Advantages

The following are the main advantages of the tutorial:

Individual student needs can be diagnosed and instruction designed to meet those

needs.

Provides the highest degree of student participation and instructional effectiveness.

Close supervision and control in hazardous situations limits the risk of injury.

Disadvantages

Following are the major disadvantages of the tutorial:

Requires a complete mastery of subject matter.

Expensive in time and manpower.

Requires extensive preparation.

Instructors responsibilities

The responsibilities of the instructor are:

Thorough preparation and planning of tutorials.

Establishment and maintenance of communication

d. DemonstrationThe Demonstration method involves both giving information to students and

showing them either how something ought to be done or what will occur as a result of

an action. In teaching a motor skill this method is the link between explanation and

practice. The Demonstration highlights the skill but does not challenge the student to

perform the task.

Uses

Demonstrations are used to provide students with:

Guidance to the skill or task.

An overview of the skill to be acquired.

A model to be imitated.

Advantages


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The following are advantages of the demonstration:

Promotes understanding of skills.

Promotes visual interest for the students.

Students are shown a step-by-step approach to the skill.

Useful for all types of skills where the visual presentation of a procedure or activity

will enhance learning.

Disadvantages

Following are disadvantages of the demonstration:

The Instructor must provide a goodmodel for the students to follow.

A demonstration is difficult for large class sizes due to possible visibility problems.

Needs to be a simple process.


The following are the responsibilities of the instructor during a demonstration:

Needs to be a Subject Matter Expert.

Must accurately perform the demonstration.

Must present demonstration in an accurate and structured manner using easily

assimilated steps.

Should focus attention on key points during demonstration and repeat key points

where necessary.

e. Role PlayA Role-Play, whilst similar to a simulation, doesnt use any props. Normally the only

items required are a script, or an idea, and one or more participants. The situations

that the participants act out are usually related to those that the players might be

involved in.

Uses

The following are uses of role play:

Good for developing attitudes.

Students apply cognitive areas of knowledge to real life situations.


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Increases student involvement in the learning process.

Advantages

The following are the main advantages of the role play:

Provides confidence for real-life situations.

Efficient in changing attitudes and behaviours.

Adaptable to most situations.

Can be fun.

Disadvantages

Following are the main disadvantages of the role play:

Time consuming and unpredictable.

Feedback must be handled well.

Threatening for some students.


The following are the instructor responsibilities during a role play:

Plan and control conduct of the session.

Conduct briefs and debriefs of the exercise.

Ensure that session objectives are met.

Ensure the involvement of all students (Players and observers).

f. SimulationSimulation is a real life situation, which must be resolved by acting out the

roles of those concerned.

Uses

The following are uses of simulation:

When learning involves decision-making, problem solving or judgment.

To examine a problem in human relationship - for example, an interview with a

problem student.

To develop and practice new skills.


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When the real environment has uncontrollable variables, involves high risk or

involves high cost.

Advantages

Some advantages of simulation are:

Students learn and are assessed in realistic, but safe conditions.

Faults/problems can be controlled.

Inexpensive compared to learning by mistakes in the real situation,

A rapid task role change is possible.

Disadvantages

Some disadvantages of simulation are:

Students can become used to the safe environment of simulation and react badly in

the real environment.

Requires experienced, active, well prepared instructors.

Can be expensive to set up in terms of time, money and manpower.


The following are instructor responsibilities for simulation:

Preparation must be thorough.

Problems to be solved must be structured and managed.

The situation must be closely aligned to the 'real' situation.

g. Individualised Learninglndividualised learning incorporates a self instructional program from which a

student can learn efficiently with little or no outside help. There are two types:

Self Paced learning which permits students to proceed through course material at

their own rate whilst demonstrating a required level of achievement in each unit

before proceeding to the next (includes computer based training

Self Directed learning which involves the students efforts to achieve specified

objectives in as autonomous a manner as they are able, within a particular time.

Uses


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Individualised learning can be used for:

Provision of remedial instruction.

Maintenance of levels of proficiency in infrequently practiced skills.

Filling in gaps in instruction caused by late arrival.

Acceleration of able students, thus permitting early completion of training.

Consolidation of learning by review and practice of knowledge/skills.

Advantages

The following are some advantages of individualised learning:

Self-pacing exposes students to subject matter at a rate which is appropriate for the

individual.

Students accept responsibility for their own learning.

Active student involvement.

Disadvantages

Following are some disadvantages of individualised learning:

Independent study requires well motivated students.

Student may just be waste time.

Difficult to assess level of retention without implementing tests..


The following are the instructor responsibilities during individualised learning:

Facilitate and manage learning (providing assistance as required).

Advising students of future study requirements.

h. LessonThe Lesson Method involves student participation and gives a good indication

of whether the message is being received or not. It may indicate that some areas need

to be revised. The instructor should ask questions of the group often, making sure that

they are relevant to the topic. The questions must be spread evenly around the group

so that all the students are participating. If people are having trouble answering the


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questions the instructor must not give them the answer. The question can be

rephrased or redirected.

Characteristics of the Lesson Method

The Lesson Method uses the technique of questions and answers to:

Obtain feedback to guide students thoughts,

Encourage instructor/student Interaction,

Check understanding, and

Build up Key Points.

Uses of the Lesson Method

The Lesson Method is best used when:

The instructor carefully plans and sequences the use of questions (use thestudents

opinions, common sense, or material they already know to arrive at a new concept);

Time is available to establish the Key Points;

Class size is not excessive ( 20 students);

Establishing concepts and background information.

Advantages of the Lesson Method

The advantages of the Lesson Method are that it:

Makes learning easier for students to accept answers if they solve the questions /

problems themselves,

Thoroughly teaches the concepts,

Has a logical step approach,

Provides instant feedback,

Promotes active student participation.

i. Instructor responsibilitiesThe instructor must:

Ask questions to:

Involve,

Motivate,


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Test the students.

Use training aids:

o To emphasise, amplify and clarify,

o To interactively build up ideas and solutions, and

o For variety.

o Amplify and positively reinforce students responses, both verbally

and visually.

Note

The lesson is usually the most suitable instructional method for Air Cadet Classroom

activities. The techniques used by the instructor during a lesson will be covered in

more detail within the following sections of this course material.

In every teaching that needs the strategy systematically. Because of that Kemp

(Wina Senjaya,2008) argues that the strategy of teaching is an activity that is doing

by teacher and student to achieve the goal effectively and efficiently. Next is J. R.

David (Wina Senjaya, 2008) thinks that the strategy of teaching is conceptuallistic for

taking the decitions I teaching and learning. From those statements, the classifications

of teaching strategies are:

1. Exposition discovery learning2. Group individual learning (Rowntree dalam Wina Senjaya, 2008)

So, learning method is the program that is arranged sistematically and has to

implementate in real condition to achieve the goal. There is some method we can use

in teaching and learning and KBMD (Kegiatan Belajar Mandiri Desa) has 8 methods

of teaching and learning. Those are speech, demonstration, Discussion, Simulation,

Brainstorming, Role Play, Drama and Games. These are the definitions from each

learning method:

a. SpeechSpeech is the physical production of sound using our tounge, lips, palate, and

respiratory system to communicate idea. It means that this method stimulates the


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audience to think and argue about something (Brain storming, Case study, etc).

Besides, speech is not only used to inform the information, but also to make

interaction between the presenter and audience. This method is using facilitator like

handouts, OHP, LCD, etc.

b. BrainstormingBrainstorming is a process for generating creative ideas and solutions through

intensive and freewheeling group discussion. Every participant is encouraged to think

aloud and suggest as many ideas as possible, no matter seemingly how outlandish or

bizarre. Analysis, discussion, or criticism of the aired ideas is allowed only when the

brainstorming session is over and evaluation session begins. See also lateral thinking

and nominal group technique

c. DiscussionThis method is used to two or more than two people who are exchanging their

ideas to solve a problem. This method has goals to unite the idea from each people

and makes a decision to solve that problem. Discussion also can build a solidarity to

build strong argument by understanding about each oppinion. Genrally, this method

is used to in meeting or formal condition.

d. Role PlayRole play is a method to present a character that is from real condition into

fiction. This method is used to give assesment about the weakness and superiority

from another audience. For example: an audience gives an assesment to his/her friend

about the weakness and superiority in himself/herself. After gave an assesment,

he/she has to give a solution or alternative way to disappear that problem.

e. SimulationSimulation can improve the learner skill in learning something (physically and

mentality). This method will bring all of the real situations into teaching and learning
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when the learner feels difficult to practice it in real condition. For example, when a

learner wants to learn how to take off the plane, he/she has to practice in simultion

room that cans help the learner to learn the real condition from that room. This

method is close same as Role play.Because, both of them use the fiction.

f. DramaI believe that you know what Drama is. Because,many kinds of Drama are

showed in Televission. This method just takes a part or all of parts story in an

exhibition. Drama method has goals to improve the discussion and analyze a case.

Those are as the literature or reflection to show what did happen. Because of that, this

method is wished to improve the awareness and analyze skill.

g. DemonstrationDemonstration is just a method by using telling or exhibiting of steps of

something.demonstration is cassificated two. Those are Demonstration for steps and

Demonstration for result. Demonstration for steps is showing the steps of a process.

Different from Demonstration for steps, Demonstration for result is just showing the

results of that process. In generally, the audience will follow the presenters way

about those demonstrations. Finally the audience will get the experience from those

practices.

h. GamesAlmost people like a game.Because it can build a dynamic situation and

disappear seriousness. There is a famous game. That is Icebreaker game. It is about

how to make the situation in teaching and learning can be easily and enjoyed. This

game has spiritness, dynamic, and enthusiasm. Besides, game makes the passive

conditioon into active condition. This game is also used for making the student can

understand easier.

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Chapter 2 Ru