rock always changing a naturally occurring solid mixture of one
or more minerals and/or organic matter
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rock cycle the series of processes in which a rock forms,
changes from one type to another, is destroyed and forms again by
geological processes
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weathering the process in which water, wind, ice and heat break
down rock breaks rock down into fragments (which sedimentary rock
is made)
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erosion the process by which wind, water, ice or gravity
transports soil and sediment from one location to another
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deposition the process in which sediment is moved by erosion
and comes to rest in a new location sediment is deposited in bodies
of water and other low-lying areas sediment may be pressed and
cemented together by minerals dissolved in water to form
sedimentary rock
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uplift movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the
Earth to be moved to the Earths surface when rock is uplifted to
surface weathering, erosion and deposition begin
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magma the hot liquid that forms when rock partially or
completely melts 3 ways magma can form: 1) when rock is heated 2)
pressure is released 3) when rock changes composition freezes
between 700 and 1250 C
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composition the chemical makeup of a rock describes either the
minerals or other materials in the rock limestone = 95% calcite and
5% aragonite granite = 55% feldspar, 35% quartz and 10% biotite
mica
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texture the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes,
shapes and positions of the rocks grains examples = fine grained,
medium grained or coarse grained texture can provide clues as to
how and where the rock formed
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SECTION 2 IGNEOUS ROCKS
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igneous rock forms when hot, liquid rock (magma) cools and
solidifies are located above and below the surface
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felsic rocks igneous rocks that are light in color and rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon and sodium examples =
granite and rhyolite
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mafic rocks igneous rocks that are dark in color and rich in
calcium, iron and magnesium (poor in silicon) examples = gabbro and
basalt
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intrusive igneous rock rock formed from the cooling and
solidification of magma beneath the Earths surface usually have a
coarse grained texture cools very slowly and forms minerals that
are large, visible crystals common intrusive shapes = plutons,
batholiths, stocks, dikes and sills
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intrusive igneous rock
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extrusive igneous rock rock that forms as a result of volcanic
activity at or near the Earths surface also called lava rocks
common around volcanoes cools quickly and contain very small or no
crystals
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extrusive igneous rock
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lava plateau when a large amount of lava flows out of fissures
onto land and covers a large area pre-existing landforms are often
buried by these lava flows
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Section 3 SEDIMENTARY ROCK
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sandstone when sand grains are compacted or compressed and then
cemented together one of the many types of sedimentary rock
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sedimentary rock through erosion rock and mineral fragments are
moved from one place to another and eventually deposit in layers.
As new layers arrive, old layers are compacted & cemented
together binding minerals and rock together form at or near the
Earths surface forms without heat and pressure most noticeable
feature is the layers/strata fossils can only be found in
sedimentary rock
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strata horizontal layers of rock
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clastic sedimentary rock forms when rock or mineral fragments
(called clasts) are cemented together by minerals such as calcite
or quartz classified according to the size of fragments: fine,
medium and coarse grained
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chemical sedimentary rock forms from solutions of dissolved
minerals and water when minerals crystallize out of a solution,
such as sea water to become rock example = halite
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organic sedimentary rock forms from the remains or fossils of
once living plants and animals example = many limestone made of
skeletons of tiny organisms (coral) example = coal
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stratification the process in which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers differ from one another depending on the kind,
size and color of their sediment
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Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
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metamorphic rock rocks in which the structure, texture or
composition of the rock have changed all metamorphic rock has 1 of
2 textures: foliated or nonfoliated
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metamorphism when rocks change shape all three types of rock
can be changed by heat, pressure or a combination of both
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contact metamorphism when rock is heated by nearby magma occurs
near igneous intrusions
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regional metamorphism when pressure builds up in rock that is
buried deep below other rock formations or when large pieces of the
Earths crust collide with each other causes rock to become deformed
and chemically change occurs over thousands of cubic kilometers
deep within Earths crust
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regional metamorphism
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foliated the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral
grains are arranged in planes or bands usually contain aligned
grains or flat minerals such as mica or chlorite example= shale
slate phyllite schist gneiss
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foliated
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nonfoliated the texture of metamorphic rock in which the
minerals are not arranged in planes or bands commonly made of one
or only a few minerals Example= quartz sandstone quartzite or
limestone marble
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deformation a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force
placed on it folds or bends in rock
