Chapter 2 Risk Management and Assessment

8/10/2019 Chapter 2 Risk Management and Assessment

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CHAPTER 2

RISK MANAGEMENT AND

ASSESSMENT


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SUBTOPIC

2.1 Introduction to Risk Management2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques

2.3 HIRARC


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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT

a) Integrate Risk Management as part of planning at all

levels of business.

b) Accept no unnecessary risks.

c) Make risk decision appropriately.

d) Accept risk when benefit overweigh costs.

e) Manage the risk.

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

Why need to carry out risk assessment?

a) Logical and cost-effective management of

occupational safety and health (OSH)

b) Legal requirement

- OSHA 1994 (Part IV S.15 General duties of Employers andSelf Employed Person)

- OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard) Regulation

1996

- OSH (Use and Standard Exposure of Chemical Hazardous toHealth) Regulation 2000

c) Management system standard requirement

- MS 1722:2003, OHSAS 18001, ISO 14001


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Before operation

During operation

After operation

When to Carry Out Risk Assessment

When to Review Risk Assessment

Internal changes before modification of plants,

changes in organization, introduction of new materials,

machinery, working procedure. External changes amendments of national law and

regulations, development of new knowledge.


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Person or persons trainedto identify hazard and risk assessment

In some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical HealthRisk Assessor

In typical organization, consultation with and involvement of the

safety and health committee, supervisors or workers and their

representatives.

Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment


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Basic Components of Risk Management

Hazard Identification

Risk Assessment

Risk Control

Review Control Measure


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HAZARD ANALYSIS

Some of the technique used:

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Job safety analysis (JSA) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)


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Fault Tree Analysis

Focus on:

a) To analyze how and why accident could occur.

b) Graphic technique.c) To calculate probability of end event.


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Example - Fall from a Defective Ladder

a) Why was the defective ladder not found during normal inspection?

b) Why did the supervisor allow its use?

c) Didn't the injured employee know it should not be used?

d) Was the employee properly trained?

e) Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?

f) Did the superior examine the job first?


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FTA analysis steps:

a) Select a component for analysis.

b) Identify critical failures or faults related to thecomponent.

c) Identify causes for each fault.

d) Work toward a root cause.

e) Identify countermeasures for each root cause.


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FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

KNOWS LADDER IS

DEFECTIVE BUT STILLDECIDES TO USE

DEFECTIVE LADDER

UNAWARE OF

CONSEQUENCES

DID NOT

RECOGNIZE

DEFECT

BELIEVES LADDER

IS STILL SAFE

FALL FROM LADDER

WORKER USEDDEFECTIVE LADDER

DIDN'T KNOW LADDER WAS

DEFECTIVE

PROCEDURES

MAINTENANCE

MANAGEMENT

LADDER WAS NOT

INSPECTED

ORGANISATION

NO SUPERVISIONNO SEGREGATION

NO CHOICE


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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

JSA is a tool used to improve job safety through:

a) Identifying the hazards or potential hazards associated

with each step of a job.b) Finding effective control measures to prevent or

eliminate exposure.


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Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

Develop by reliability engineer (1950s) to determineproblems that could arise from malfunction of militarysystems.

FMEA is a procedure by which each potential failure and

the kinds of failures that could happen, at the componentlevel in the systems are examined and analyzed todetermine its effect on the system.

The FMEA is used to assure that components failuremodes and their effects have been considered and either

eliminated or controlled; that information for maintenanceand operational manuals has been provided; and thatinput to other safety analysis has been generated.


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System

Scrubber

Component

Water pump

Failure Mode

Inadequate water

flow

Failure Effect

Increasedenvironmental

pollution

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Table


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a) To identify all the factors that may cause harm toemployees and others (the hazards);

b) To consider what the chances are of that harm actually

be falling anyone in the circumstances of a particularcase and the possible severity that could come from it(the risks)

c) To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitorpreventive measures to ensure that the risks areadequately controlled at all times.

2.3 HIRARC

Purpose of HIRARC


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Process of HIRARC


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HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

Sources of Hazard

Man Unsafe acts

Machinery Installation, layout and design of

equipment

Materials Substances such as chemicals and

gases use in the workplace

Method The way people carry out their work

Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,

ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.


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HAZARD

Physhosocial

Ergonomics

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Mechanical Electrical

Classification of Hazard


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Work place inspections;

Task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;

Preliminary investigations;

Potential accident factors;

Failure analysis; Accident and incident investigations.

Hazard Identification Techniques


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RISK ASSESSMENT

Types of Risk Assessment

1. Qualitative Risk Assessment

2. Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

3. Quantitative Risk Assessment


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Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of aspecified hazardous event occurring. In mathematicalterm, risk can be calculated by the equation -

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Analyze the Risk


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Very likely - could happen frequently

Likely - could happen occasionally

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never will

Determine likelihood

Likelihood


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Determine severity categories i.e.:

Fatality

Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or damage to health)

Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or damage to health

requiring days off work)

Negligible injuries (first aid)

Severity


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Determine severity categories

4: Fatality & Permanent Disability 3: More than 4 days MC

2: Less than or 4 days MC

1: First aid and near misses

Determine likelihood categories

4: Daily

3: Weekly

2: Yearly

1: Monthly

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment


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LIKELIHOOD

SEVER

ITY

Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

1 2 3 4

First Aid

and Near

Misses

1 1 2 3 4

Less than

or 4 days

MC

2 2 4 6 8

More than

4 days MC3 3 6 9 12

Fatality &

Permanent

Disability

4 4 8 12 16

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment


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Substitution

Modify process

Enclosure

Local exhaust

Fugitiveemission control

Isolation

Housekeeping

General

ventilation

Continuous area

monitoringDilution

ventilation

Automation or

remote control

Training and

education

Worker rotation

Enclosure of

workerPersonal

monitoring

Personal

protective devices

RISK CONTROL

Principle of Control


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Review measures regularly; modify if necessary

Comply with national laws and regulations

Reflect good management practice

Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reportsfrom organizations such

as:

DOSH, OSH services, and others.

Consideration In Implementing

Risk Control


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MOST EFFECTIVE

i. Elimination- Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process,machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protectingworkers.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVE

ii. Substitutionreplacing the hazard with one that presents lower

risk.iii. Isolationisolating or separating the hazard from the person, or

the person from the hazards.

iv. Engineering controlrequires thinking about ways work couldbe done differently to make the world safer such as rearrangingaspects of workplace, modifying equipment, combining tasks,

changing procedures to eliminate hazardous step.

LEAST EFFECTIVE

v. Administrative reduction of exposure to risk through use ofprocedures or instruction.

vi. PPEworn by people as final barrier themselves and hazard.

Hierarchy Of Control


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Chapter 2 Risk Management and Assessment