Chapter 2 - Oblicon

8/21/2019 Chapter 2 - Oblicon

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Arts. 1163-1178 NATURE AND EFFECT OF OBLIGATIONS

CHAPTER 2NATURE AND EFFECT OF

OBLIGATIONS

ART. 1163. Every person obliged to give something is alsoobliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father ofa family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requiresanother standard of care. (109a!

ART. 1164. "he creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing

from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. #owever, he shallacquire no real right over it until the same has been delivered tohim. (109$!

ART. 1165. %hen what is to be delivered is a determinatething, the creditor, in addition to the right granted him by &rticle11'0, may compel the debtor to make the delivery.

f the thing is indeterminate or generic, he may ask that theobligation be complied with at the e)pense of the debtor.

f the obligor delays, or has promised to deliver the same thingto two or more persons who do not have the same interest, he shallbe responsible for any fortuitous event until he has effected thedelivery. (1096)

Art. 1165. %hen what is to be delivered is a determinate thing,the creditor, in addition to the right granted him by &rticle 11'0,may compel the debtor to make the delivery.

f the thing is indeterminate or generic, he may ask that theobligation be complied with at the e)pense of the debtor.

f the obligor delays, or has promised to deliver the same thingto two or more persons who do not have the same interest, he shallbe responsible for any fortuitous event until he has effected thedelivery. (109*!

Art. 1166. "he obligation to give a determinate thing includesthat of delivering all its accessions and accessories, even though theymay not have been mentioned. (109'a!


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Art. 116. f a person obliged to do something fails to do it, thesame shall be e)ecuted at his cost.

"his same rule shall be observed if he does it in contravention of

the tenor of the obligation. +urthermore, it may be decreed thatwhat has been poorly done be undone. (109!

Art. 116!. %hen the obligation consists in not doing, and theobligor does what has been forbidden him, it shall also be undone athis e)pense. (1099a!

Art. 1169. "hose obliged to deliver or to do something incur indelay from the time the obligee -udicially or e)tra-udicially demandsfrom them the fulfillment of their obligation.

#owever, the demand by the creditor shall not be necessary inorder that delay may e)ist

(1! %hen the obligation or the law e)pressly so declare/ or

(! %hen from the nature and the circumstances of theobligation it appears that the designation of the time when the thingis to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controllingmotive for the establishment of the contract/ or

(! %hen demand would be useless, as when the obligor hasrendered it beyond his power to perform.

n reciprocal obligations, neither party incurs in delay if theother does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper mannerwith what is incumbent upon him. +rom the moment one of theparties fulfills his obligation, delay by the other begins. (1100a!

Art. 110. "hose who in the performance of their obligationsare guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those who in anymanner contravene the tenor thereof, are liable for damages. (1101!

Art. 111. 2esponsibility arising from fraud is demandable inall obligations. &ny waiver of an action for future fraud is void.(110a!

Art. 112. 2esponsibility arising from negligence in theperformance of every kind of obligation is also demandable, butsuch liability may be regulated by the courts, according to thecircumstances. (110!


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Art. 113. "he fault or negligence of the obligor consists in theomission of that diligence which is required by the nature of theobligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons,

of the time and of the place. %hen negligence shows bad faith, theprovisions of &rticles 11'1 and 01, paragraph , shall apply.

f the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to beobserved in the performance, that which is e)pected of a good fatherof a family shall be required. (110a!

Art. 114. E)cept in cases e)pressly specified by the law, orwhen it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature ofthe obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall beresponsible for those events which could not be foreseen, or which,

though foreseen, were inevitable. (110$a!

Art. 115. 3surious transactions shall be governed by speciallaws. (n!

Art. 116. "he receipt of the principal by the creditor withoutreservation with respect to the interest, shall give rise to thepresumption that said interest has been paid.

"he receipt of a later installment of a debt without reservationas to prior installments, shall likewise raise the presumption that

such installments have been paid. (1110a!

Art. 11. "he creditors, after having pursued the property inpossession of the debtor to satisfy their claims, may e)ercise all therights and bring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose,save those which are inherent in his person/ they may also impugnthe acts which the debtor may have done to defraud them. (1111!

Art. 11!. 4ub-ect to the laws, all rights acquired in virtue ofan obligation are transmissible, if there has been no stipulation to

the contrary. (111!

#ow do you distinguish between a specific real

obligation and a generic real obligation5


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A specific re! "#!i$ti"% is % "#!i$ti"% t" &e!i'er (t"

$i'e) specific "r &eter*i%te t+i%$, "% t+e "t+er +%& $e%ericre! "#!i$ti"% is % "#!i$ti"% t" &e!i'er (t" $i'e) $e%eric "ri%&eter*i%te t+i%$.

#ow do you distinguish between a specific or

determinate thing, and a generic or indeterminate thing5

Specific or determinate thing Generic or indeterminate thing

A t+i%$ is specific if it is prtic!r!/&esi$%te& "r p+/sic!!/ se$re$te&fr"* "t+ers "f t+e s*e c!ss.

A t+i%$ is $e%eric if it refers "%!/ t"

c!ss "r $e%s t" 0+ic+ it perti%s%& c%%"t #e p"i%te& "t 0it+prtic!rit/.

N" "t+er t+i%$ "f its i%& e2ists,+e%ce it is %"t rep!ce#!e if !"st.

Ot+er t+i%$s "f t+e s*e i%& e2ist,+e%ce it is rep!ce#!e if !"st.

EXAMPLES :

t+e &ress I 0"re "% */ 18 t+#irt+&/ #!e f!"r! *iset &ress

*/ 4-/er "!& $er*% s+ep+er& 4-/er "!& $er*% s+ep+er&t+e #!e cr 0it+ p!te %". ABC-153 51 T"/"t F"rt%er si!'er cr

t+e 1 #i!! A!e2 pi& f"r t+e s+# t+e *"%t "f 1

/ #r"t+er9s $ir!frie%& Fi!ipi%" $ir! 0it+ #!"%& +ir

%hat are the duties of the debtor in a specific realobligation5

(A)To preserve the thing

T+e &e#t"r i% specific re! "#!i$ti"% +s t+e ccess"r/ &t/ t"

preser'e t+e t+i%$ %ti! its &e!i'er/ t" t+e cre&it"r. T+is is c!!e& %ccess"r/ &t/ #ecse t+e &e#t"r +s t" preser'e t+e t+i%$ e'e% ift+e &t/ +s %"t #ee% specific!!/ $ree& p"% #/ t+e prties i% t+eirc"%trct.


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T+e st%&r& "f cre re:ire& t" preser'e t+e t+i%$. -U%&er

Artic!e 1163 ;(E)very person obliged to give something is alsoobliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father ofa family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requiresanother standard of care.

!/ 14 511.Fr"* t+e ti*e t+e pr"*ise is *&e p t" t+e ti*e t+t t+e $"t is &e!i'ere&t" C, D+s t" fee& t+e $"t %& pr"'i&e it 0it+ &e:te s+e!ter t" pr"tect itfr"* +r*. D +s t" te cre "f t+e $"t i% t+e s*e *%%er t+t +e 0"!&+'e te% cre "f it e'e% if +e &i& %"t pr"*ise t" &e!i'er it t" C.

If t+e &e#t"r fi!s t" e2ercise "r&i%r/ &i!i$e%ce "'er t+e t+i%$

%& sc+ fi!re res!ts i% t+e !"ss %&?"r %"%-&e!i'er/ "f t+e t+i%$pr"*ise& t+e% +e 0i!! #e $i!t/ "f f!t "r %e$!i$e%ce %&er Artic!e117 %& */ #e +e!& !i#!e #/ t+e cre&it"r f"r &*$es.

I% Example 1#"'e if t+e $"t &ies #ef"re >!/ 14 511 &e t"

se'ere &e+/&rti"% #ecse it 0s %"t $i'e% &ri% #/ D "r +iscrete f"r "%e 0+"!e 0ee Cc% +"!& D!i#!e f"r &*$es.

Example : I% Example 1 #"'e !et s ss*e t+t D!s $"t is0"rt+ 54. A!s" fter Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er t+e $"t t" C, Cc"%tcte&E0+" $ree& t" #/ t+e $"t f"r 3.

O% >!/ 14 C&e*%&e& f"r t+e &e!i'er/ "f t+e $"t. D +"0e'er c"!&%"t *e t+e &e!i'er/ #ecse t+e $"t &ie& "% >!/ 15 &e t" se'ere&e+/&rti"% cse& #/ D!s fi!re t" $i'e t+e $"t &ri% f"r "%e 0+"!e

0ee. I% t+is cse si%ce t+e !"ss "f t+e $"t 0s &e t" D!s f!t "r


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%e$!i$e%ce Cc% +"!& D !i#!e f"r t+e '!e "f t+e $"t i% t+e *"%t "f54 p!s c"%se:e%ti! &*$es i% t+e *"%t "f 4 0+ic+ is

0+t Cs+"!& +'e pr"fite& fr"* t+e s!e "f t+e $"t t" E if D +& effecte&

t+e &e!i'er/.


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"# 'nd%&trial fr%it& re t+"se pr"&ce& #/ !%& "f %/ i%&t+r"$+ c!ti'ti"% "r !#"r. (Art. @@5)

Examples:

!%"%es %& r*#t% trees p!%te& "% !%&

%/ "t+er pr"&cts "f $ric!tre "r fr*i%$

"(# Ci)il fr%it& re t+"se 0+ic+ re t+e res!t "f ri&ic!re!ti"%. (Art. @@5)

Examples:

re%ts "f #i!&i%$s

t+e price "f !eses "f !%&s %& "t+er pr"pert/

i%terest "% !"%

%e 6 511. O% >%e 4 511 Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er +is !%& t"

C0it+"t specif/i%$ t+e &te 0+e% &e!i'er/ is t" #e *&e.

*:


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If t+e "#!i$ti"% specifies &e!i'er/ &te t+e cre&it"r is

e%tit!e& t" t+e frits "f t+e t+i%$ fr"* t+e ti*e "f t+e &e!i'er/ &te#ecse it is "%!/ "% t+e specifie& &e!i'er/ &te t+t t+e &e#t"r 0i!! #e"#!i$e& t" &e!i'er t+e t+i%$.

Example + : O% >%e 14 511Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er +is pi$ t" C. It0s !s" $ree& #/ t+e prties t+t &e!i'er/ 0s t" #e *&e "% >!/ 1 511.O% >%e 18 fe0 &/s fter t+e prties perfecte& t+eir c"%trct t+e pi$$'e #irt+ t" 3 pi$!ets.

*: !/ 3 511.


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#/ Dfr"* its f"r (@) te%%ts. O% Apri! 1 511 t+e res!ts 0ere re!ese&%& Cpsse&.

*: Fr"* 0+t ti*e 0i!! C#e e%tit!e& t" c"!!ect t+e re%t!s fr"* t+eprt*e%t=

A: I% t+is cse t+e "#!i$ti"% "f Dt" &e!i'er t+e prt*e%t r"se "%!/"% Apri! 1 511. It is "%!/ "% t+is &te t+t C0i!! !s" #e e%tit!e& t" t+ere%t!s (ci'i! frits) "f t+e prt*e%t. e%ce !! re%t!s c"!!ecte& fr"*Dece*#er 1 51 (0+e% t+e c"%trct 0s perfecte&) %ti! rc+ 3 511(#ef"re t+e f!fi!*e%t "f t+e c"%&iti"% f"r D!&"#!i$ti"%) sti!! #e!"%$s t" D.

I% %/ e'e%t t+e ti*e 0+e% t+e cre&it"r is e%tit!e& t" t+e

frits "f t+e t+i%$ */ #e specific!!/ $ree& p"% #/ t+e prties i%t+eir c"%trct.

!/ 3 511 Cc:ires re! ri$+t "'er t+e pi$ %& t+e pi$!ets fr"* >!/ 3 511.

Let s ss*e +"0e'er t+t i%ste& "f &e!i'eri%$ t+e pi$ t" C D&e!i'ers t+e pi$ %& t+e pi$!ets t" E"% >!/ 3 511. It is E0+" 0i!! c:ire"0%ers+ip "'er t+e pi$ %& t+e pi$!ets re! ri$+t "'er t+e t+i%$ %& its


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frits. I% sc+ cse C0i!! +'e %" ri$+t "f cti"% $i%st E#ecse !!t+t C p"ssesses #ef"re ct! &e!i'er/ is pers"%! ri$+t $i%st D t"&e*%& &e!i'er/ "f t+e pi$ %& its pi$!ets. Bt si%ce &e!i'er/ is %" !"%$er

p"ssi#!e #ecse t+e pi$ +& !re&/ #ee% &e!i'ere& t" E, C c% c!i*&*$es fr"* Df"r %"%-perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"% %&er Artic!e 117.

(C)To deliver the accessions and

accessories of the thing

U%&er Artic!e 1166 the obligation to give a determinate thing

includes that of delivering all its accessions and accessories, eventhough they may not have been mentioned. T+is r!e is #se& "%t+e pri%cip!e "f !0 t+t the accessory follows the principal. T+eprties +"0e'er */ stip!te t+t t+e ccessi"%s %& ccess"ries0i!! %"t #e i%c!&e& 0+e% t+e t+i%$ is &e!i'ere&.


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(D)To deliver the thing itself

T+e &e#t"r c%%"t &e!i'er %/ "t+er t+i%$ (e'e% if speri"r i%:!it/) t" rep!ce t+e t+i%$ pr"*ise& 0it+"t t+e c"%se%t "f t+ecre&it"r.

6uties of the debtor in a generic real obligation. 7I% $e%eric re! "#!i$ti"% t+e &e#t"r is "#!i$e& t" &e!i'er t" t+ecre&it"r t+i%$ "f t+e :!it/ i%te%&e& #/ t+e prties i% t+eir c"%trct.U%&er Artic!e 15@6 0+e% t+e "#!i$ti"% c"%sists i% t+e &e!i'er/ "f

$e%eric t+i%$ t+e cre&it"r c%%"t &e*%& t+i%$ "f speri"r :!it/.Neit+er c% t+e &e#t"r &e!i'er t" t+e cre&it"r t+i%$ "f i%feri"r :!it/.

Example : D pr"*ise& t" &e!i'er 51 T"/"t F"rt%er cr t" C.O% &e!i'er/ &te D c%%"t c"*pe! Ct" ccept &e!i'er/ "f 5 T"/"tF"rt%er. Neit+er c% Cc"*pe! Dt" &e!i'er 511 T"/"t F"rt%er.

%hat are the remedies of the creditor in a realobligation5

Specific re! "#!i$ti"% If t+e &e#t"r9s "#!i$ti"% is t" &e!i'er

specific t+i%$ %& t+e &e#t"r fi!s t" &e!i'er "% t+e $ree& &e!i'er/&te t+e cre&it"r is $i'e% t+e ri$+t

"a# t" c"*pe! t+e &e#t"r t" pers"%!!/ *e t+e &e!i'er/, %&"/# t" &e*%& t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"* t+e &e#t"r.

(See Art. 1164 pr. 1 i% re!ti"% t" Art. 117)

Example 0 : D pr"*ise& t" &e!i'er +is 51 0+ite T"/"t C*r/ cr0it+ p!te %*#er ABC-153 t" C "% >%e 14 511. C!& &$+ter +& t+e%&eci&e& t" se t+e cr f"r +er 0e&&i%$ "% >%e 16 511. D, +"0e'er fi!e&


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t" &e!i'er t+e cr "% >%e 14. e%ce C0s f"rce& t" c"%tct t+e ser'ices "f cr re%t! c"*p%/ f"r 0+ic+ +e pi& t+e *"%t "f 5.

* : %e 14 511 f"r se i% t+e restr%t "0%e& #/ C. O%t+e "t+er +%& Cpr"*ise& t" p/ @. per i!" f"r t+e rice "r t"t!c"%si&erti"% "f 15. O% >%e 14 D&i& %"t *e $""& +is pr"*ise.

* :


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%hat are the remedies of the creditor in a positivepersonal obligation5 (&rticle 11*'!

If t+e &e#t"r fi!s "r refses t" perf"r* +is "#!i$ti"% to do, t+e

cre&it"r c%%"t c"*pe! t+e &e#t"r t" perf"r* t+e "#!i$ti"% #ecset+is 0"!& 'i"!te t+e &e#t"r9s c"%stitti"%! ri$+t $i%st i%'"!%tr/ser'it&e (Art. III Sec. 18H5 +i!ippi%e C"%stitti"%). T+e cre&it"rc% +"0e'er e2ercise t+e f"!!"0i%$ re*e&ies

"a# T+e cre&it"r */ perf"r* t+e "#!i$ti"% +i*se!f t t+ee2pe%se "f t+e &e#t"r (Art. 1167 pr. 1), "r

"/# T+e cre&it"r */ s %"t+er pers"% t" perf"r* t+e"#!i$ti"% t t+e &e#t"r9s e2pe%se (Art. 1167 pr. 1), %&

(c)T+e cre&it"r c% rec"'er &*$es fr"* t+e &e#t"r i% eit+ercse (Art. 117).

Example 12 : C #r"$+t +is te!e'isi"% set f"r repir t" t+e s+"p "f D.Dpr"*ise& t" c"*p!ete t+e repir i% 1 0ee. After 1 0ee Dretr%e& t+ete!e'isi"% set t" C %repire&.

I% t+is cse Cc% +'e t+e te!e'isi"% set repire& #/ %"t+er repirser'ice ce%ter %& +e c% c+r$e t+e c"st "f t+e repirs t" D. I% &&iti"% Cc% &e*%& t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"* D.

T+e s*e re*e&ies #"'e is 'i!#!e t" t+e cre&it"r if t+e &e#t"r

perf"r*s t+e "#!i$ti"% #t &"es it i% c"%tr'e%ti"% "f t+e te%"r "f t+e"#!i$ti"% i.e., %"t i% cc"r&%ce 0it+ t+e stip!ti"%s $ree& p"%0it+ t+e cre&it"r.

Example 11 : D pr"*ise& t" &" t+e pri%ti%$ "# "% 5 pieces "fs+irts f"r t+e sp"rtsfest ce!e#rti"% i% t+e "ffice "f C. It 0s $ree& p"% #/t+e prties t+t t+e c"!"r "f t+e "ffice !"$" "% t+e s+irt 0"!& #e %e"% "r%$e.


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I% t+is cse Cc% +ire %"t+er pri%ti%$ c"*p%/ t" &" repri%ti%$ 0it+t+e specifie& c"!"r %& c+r$e t+e c"st f"r repri%ti%$ t" D. C c% !s"&e*%& t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"* D.

If t+e &e#t"r perf"r*s t+e "#!i$ti"% #t &"es it p""r!/ t+e

cre&it"r +s t+e f"!!"0i%$ re*e&ies

(a)T+e cre&it"r c% s t+t 0+t +s #ee% p""r!/ &"%e #e%&"%e t t+e &e#t"r9s e2pe%se (Art. 1167 pr. 5), %&

"/# T+e cre&it"r c% &e*%& f"r t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"*t+e &e#t"r (Art. 117).

Example 1 : D "#!i$e& +i*se!f t" sse*#!e t+e 0""&e% s!i&i%$&""rs i% t+e +"se "f C. After t+e 0"r 0s fi%is+e& Cf"%& t+t t+e &""rsc"!& %"t #e "pe%e& 0it+ ese %& %ee&e& t0" pers"%s t" *"'e t+e &""rsfr"* si&e t" si&e.

I% t+is cse Cc% &e*%& t+t Dfi2 t+e **e& *ec+%is*s i% t+es!i&i%$ &""rs t" *e t+e* tr"#!e-free. If Drefses t" *e t+e repir Cc% s %"t+er c"%trct"r t" *e%& t+e **e& &""rs %& c+r$e t+e c"st"f t+e repirs t" D. Cc% !s" &e*%& t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"* D.

%hat are the remedies of the creditor in a negativepersonal obligation5 (&rticle 11*!

I% %e$ti'e pers"%! "#!i$ti"% if t+e &e#t"r &"es 0+t +s

#ee% f"r#i&&e% +i*,t+e cre&it"r c% 'i! "f t+e f"!!"0i%$ re*e&ies

"a# T+e cre&it"r c% &e*%& t+t t+e &e#t"r %&" t+e f"r#i&&e%ct t t+e &e#t"r9s e2pe%se, "r

"/# T+e cre&it"r c% s %"t+er pers"% t" %&" t+e f"r#i&&e%ct %& c+r$e t+e c"st t" t+e &e#t"r, %&

"c# T+e cre&it"r c% &e*%& t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"* t+e&e#t"r (Art. 117).


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Example 1( : D%& Ce%tere& i%t" !ese c"%trct f"r ter* "ft0" (5) /ers c"'eri%$ +"se %& !"t "0%e& #/ C. D!s" pr"*ise& %"t t"#i!& %/ strctre i% t+e #c/r& "f t+e +"se %& &e'"te it "%!/ t"

'e$et#!e fr*i%$. O%e /er fter t+e perfecti"% "f t+e c"%trct Dc"%strcte& c"%crete pi$pe% 0"rt+ 3 i% t+e #c/r& "f t+e pr"pert/.

I% t+is cse Cc% &e*%& t+t D&e*"!is+ t+e pi$pe% i**e&ite!/ tD!& e2pe%se. If Drefses t" &" s" Cc% s %"t+er pers"% t" &e*"!is+t+e pi$pe% %& c+r$e t+e c"st t+eref"r t" D. I% %/ e'e%t Cc% &e*%&t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es fr"* Df"r 'i"!ti"% "f t+e ter*s "f t+eir $ree*e%t.

#ow do you distinguish between ordinary delay andlegal delay5

3rdinar4 dela4is si*p!/ t+e fi!re "f t+e &e#t"r t" perf"r* t+e

"#!i$ti"% "% ti*e "r "% t+e &/ &esi$%te& f"r t+e perf"r*%ce "ft+e "#!i$ti"%.

Legal dela4 "defa%lt "rmora#is t+e &e#t"r9s fi!re t" perf"r*

t+e "#!i$ti"% "% ti*e %& fter t+e cre&it"r +s &e*%&e& fr"* t+e&e#t"r eit+er &ici!!/ "r e2tr&ici!!/ t+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e"#!i$ti"%. (Art. 116 pr. 1.) >&ici! &e*%& is *&e #/ t+ecre&it"r 0+e% +e fi!es c"*p!i%t i% c"rt $i%st t+e &e#t"r&e*%&i%$ f"r t+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"%. O% t+e "t+er +%&e2tr&ici! &e*%& is *&e 0+e% t+e cre&it"r &e*%&s eit+er"r!!/ "r i% 0riti%$ fr"* t+e &e#t"r t+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"%#t "tsi&e "f t+e c"rt.

Re*e*#er t+t it is "%!/ 0+e% t+e &e#t"r i%crs legal delayt+t

+e 0i!! #e !i#!e f"r &*$es t" t+e cre&it"r %&er Artic!e 117.


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"/# ora accipiendi ! &ef!t "% t+e prt "f t+e cre&it"r t" cceptt+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"%,

"c# "ompensatio morae ! &ef!t "f #"t+ prties i% recipr"c!"#!i$ti"%s, +ere t+ere is %" cti"%#!e &ef!t "% t+e prt "f#"t+ prties #ecse t+e &ef!t "f t+e &e#t"r %etr!ies t+e&ef!t "f t+e cre&it"r.

%e 1 511 D#"rr"0e& 1 fr"* C &ef"r p/*e%t "% >%e 1 515. I% t+e pr"*iss"r/ %"te si$%e& #/ D,+e !s""#!i$e& +i*se!f t" p/ C 4J i%terest (4) per *"%t+ f"r !te p/*e%t.O% >%e 1 515 D&i& %"t p/ +is "#!i$ti"%. O% A$st 1 515 Cse%t D &e*%& !etter si%$ Dt" p/ +is 1 &e#t.

* : As "f 0+t &te is Dc"%si&ere& i% !e$! &e!/= %e 1 515 +e is"%!/ c"%si&ere& i% "r&i%r/ &e!/ t t+t p"i%t. It is "%!/ fter C*es &e*%& f"r t+e perf"r*%ce "f D!& "#!i$ti"% t+t D0i!! #e c"%si&ere& i%!e$! &e!/. I% t+is cse C*&e % e2tr&ici! &e*%& f"r t+e p/*e%t "ft+e &e#t "% D"%!/ "% A$st 1 515. e%ce t+e pe%!t/ i%terest "f 4per *"%t+ 0i!! #e c"*pte& strti%$ A$st 1 515 %& %"t fr"* >%e 1515.


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#ecse &e!i'er/ "f t+e #!!""%s "% &te "t+er t+% t+e prt/ &te 0i!!re%&er t+e &e!i'er/ se!ess.

"d# %e 3 511 e'e% 0it+"t %ee& "f &e*%& fr"* C.T+is is #ecse &e*%& #/ C0i!! #e se!ess c"%si&eri%$ t+t e'e% if C*&e t+e &e*%& D 0"!& %" !"%$er #e #!e t" perf"r* +er "#!i$ti"%#ecse s+e +& !re&/ pre'i"s!/ s"!& t+e %ec!ce t" 5e'e% #ef"re t+e

*trit/ "f t+e "#!i$ti"%.

"e#


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5ra%d (&eceit "r dolo)

I% fr& t+ere is #& fit+ "r *!ici"s i%te%ti"% "% t+e prt "f t+e

&e#t"r. It is t+e &e!i#erte "r i%te%ti"%! e'si"% #/ t+e &e#t"r "f t+e%"r*! f!fi!*e%t "f +is "#!i$ti"%.

"0 &" /" &isti%$is+ #et0ee% t+e effects "f fr& e*p!"/e& t

t+e ti*e "f t+e perfecti"% "f t+e c"%trct %& fr& e*p!"/e& t t+eti*e "f t+e perf"r*%ce "f % "#!i$ti"% risi%$ fr"* c"%trct=

"a# Fr& e*p!"/e& t t+e ti*e "f t+e perfecti"% "f t+e c"%trct #/t+e $i!t/ prt/ 0i!! *e t+e c"%se%t "f t+e i%%"ce%t prt/ t" t+ec"%trct &efecti'e. Si%ce t+e c"%se%t "f "%e "f t+e prties t" t+ec"%trct is &efecti'e it #ec"*es '"i!e. T+e re*e&/t+eref"re "f t+e i%%"ce%t prt/ i% t+is i%& "f fr& is t" fi!e %cti"% f"r t+e %%!*e%t "f t+e c"%trct s" t+t t+e c"%trct 0i!!#e &ec!re& %" !"%$er effecti'e #/ t+e c"rt.5

Example 20: >"" "ffere& t" se!! t" Ct+/ R"!e2 0rist 0tc+ f"r

54. >"" represe%te& t" Ct+/ t+t t+e R"!e2 0s $e%i%e. O% t+e#sis "f t+t represe%tti"% Ct+/ #"$+t t+e 0tc+ %& pi& t+e prc+seprice i% cs+. A 0ee fter t+e s!e Ct+/ f"%& "t t+t t+e 0tc+ 0s %"t$e%i%e #t 0s *ere!/ % i*itti"%.

ere >"" e*p!"/e& t+e fr& i% "r&er t" "#ti% t+e c"%se%t "f Ct+/ t"t+e c"%trct "f s!e. I% "t+er 0"r&s +& Ct+/ %"0% t+t t+e R"!e2 0s fe s+e 0"!& %"t +'e #"$+t %& pi& f"r t+e 0tc+. T+e re*e&/ "f Ct+/t+e% is t" fi!e f"r % %%!*e%t "f t+e c"%trct "f s!e "% t+e $r"%& "f fr&%&er Artic!e 13 (5).

"/# Fr& e*p!"/e& t t+e ti*e "f t+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"%.T+e e*p!"/*e%t "f t+is i%& "f fr& ss*es t+e e2iste%ce "f pre'i"s!/ '!i& c"%trct. I% "t+er 0"r&s t+e &e#t"r %& t+ecre&it"r first e%ter i%t" '!i& c"%trct "%e 0+ic+ p"ssesses %"&efect 0+ts"e'er. T+e fr& is "%!/ e*p!"/e& #/ t+e &e#t"r"%!/ t t+e ti*e "f t+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"% %&er t+ec"%trct. T+is is t+e i%& "f fr& referre& t" %&er Artic!e 117.

2Art. 13(5).


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T+e re*e&/ "f t+e cre&it"r is %"t t" +'e +is c"%trct 0it+ t+e&e#t"r %%!!e& #t t" s f"r &*$es f"r fr&.

Example 21: I% Example 20#"'e !et s ss*e t+t 0+t >"" "ffere&f"r s!e t" Ct+/ 0s re!!/ $e%i%e R"!e2 %it. Ct+/ 0+" 0s !s" %e2pert "% 0tc+es e2*i%e& t+e 0tc+ %& f"%& it t" #e $e%i%e. Ct+/t+e% #/s %& p/s f"r t+e 0tc+. "0e'er "% &e!i'er/ &te >"" s#stittest+e 0tc+ 0it+ % i*itti"% 0+ic+ is t+e %it +e &e!i'ers t" Ct+/.

ere t+e c"%trct "f s!e #et0ee% >"" %& Ct+/ 0s perfecte& #ecset+e c"%se%t "f Ct+/ 0s %"t &efecti'e t t+e ti*e "f its perfecti"%. T+e fr&

0s e*p!"/e& #/ >"" t t+e ti*e "f t+e perf"r*%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"% 0+e%+e &e!i'ere& t+e 0tc+ t" Ct+/. T+e re*e&/ "f Ct+/ t+e% is t" c!i* f"r&*$es fr"* >"" %&er Artic!e 117.

Future fraud. U%&er Artic!e 1171 %/ 0i'er "f % cti"%

f"r ftre fr& is '"i&. I% "t+er 0"r&s %/ stip!ti"% #et0ee% t+eprties e2e*pti%$ t+e &e#t"r fr"* !i#i!it/ f"r 0+te'er fr& +e */c"**it i% t+e ftre %&er t+e c"%trct is '"i& %& "f %" effect f"r#ei%$ c"%trr/ t" !0 %& p#!ic p"!ic/.

Example 22: D $ree& t" &e!i'er t" C14 #"tt!es "f DNK 0"*e%9sperf*e. It 0s !s" $ree& #/ t+e prties t+t C0i!! %"t +"!& D !i#!e f"r&*$es %&er t+e c"%trct s+"!& D !ter "% c"**it fr& i% t+eperf"r*%ce "f +is "#!i$ti"%. O% &e!i'er/ &te D&e!i'ere& t+e 14 #"tt!es "fperf*e t" C,#t +!f "f ec+ "f t+e #"tt!es 0ere rep!ce& 0it+ 0ter.

I% t+is cse Dc%%"t e'&e t+e p/*e%t "f &*$es #/ re!/i%$ "% t+e#"'e 0i'er *&e #/ C i% t+eir c"%trct. T+e 0i'er f"r ftre fr& *&e#/ Cis '"i& %& &"es %"t #i%& C. e%ce C c% sti!! &e*%& fr"* D t+ep/*e%t "f &*$es $r"%&e& "% D!& fr& i% t+e perf"r*%ce "f +is"#!i$ti"%.

Past fraud. A%/ 0i'er "f % cti"% f"r fr& !re&/

c"**itte& is +"0e'er '!i& %& 0i!! si*p!/ #e c"%si&ere& % ct "f$e%er"sit/ "% t+e prt "f t+e cre&it"r 0+" is t+e 'icti* "f t+e fr&.

Example 23: D $ree& t" &e!i'er 51- 0+ite $"!& #rce!et t" C f"r1. O% &e &te D &e!i'ere& "%!/ 1@- 0+ite $"!& #rce!et %&recei'e& t+e 1 fr"* C.


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ere C*&e 0i'er "f +is ri$+t t" +"!& D!i#!e f"r &*$es f"r fr&!re&/ c"**itte& #/ D. T+is 0i'er "f % cti"% f"r pst fr& is '!i&.

$egligence (culpa)

What is negligence? U%&er Artic!e 1173 t+e f!t "r

%e$!i$e%ce "f t+e "#!i$"r c"%sists i% t+e "*issi"% "f t+t &i!i$e%ce0+ic+ is re:ire& #/ t+e %tre "f t+e "#!i$ti"% %& c"rresp"%&s

0it+ t+e circ*st%ces "f t+e pers"% "f t+e ti*e %& "f t+e p!ce. Itis t+e fi!re t" "#ser'e f"r t+e pr"tecti"% "r i%terest "f %"t+erpers"% t+t &e$ree "f cre precti"% %& 'i$i!%ce 0+ic+ t+ecirc*st%ces st!/ &e*%& 0+ere#/ sc+ pers"% sffers i%r/.3

Factors to consider in assessing negligence. As

$e%er! r!e t+e prt/ !!e$i%$ %e$!i$e%ce +s t+e &t/ t" pr"'e t+ee2iste%ce "f %e$!i$e%ce #/ c"%'i%ci%$ e'i&e%ce. U%&er Artic!e 1173t+e f"!!"0i%$ fct"rs re c"%si&ere& i% &eter*i%i%$ 0+et+er t+e&e#t"r is %e$!i$e%t "r %"t

"a# -ature of the obligation EXAMPLE: T+e &e#t"r9s "#!i$ti"% is t"&e!i'er peris+#!e $""&s (e.g., fres+ sef""& %& &resse& c+ice%). T+e%tre "f +is "#!i$ti"% re:ires t+t t+e &e#t"r *st st"re t+e $""&s i%&e:te te*pertre t" preser'e t+e fres+%ess "f t+e $""&s. If t+e &e#t"rfi!s i% t+is &t/ res!ti%$ i% t+e sp"i!i%$ "f t+e $""&s +e 0i!! #e c"%si&ere&$i!t/ "f %e$!i$e%ce.

"/# "ircumstances of the person ! EXAMPLE: T+e "#!i$ti"% "f t+e&e#t"r

"c# "ircumstances of time ! EXAMPLE: T+e "#!i$ti"% "f t+e

"d# "ircumstances of the place ! EXAMPLE: A &ri'er 0+" &ri'es t 8i!"*eters per +"r i% t+e N"rt+ L"% E2press


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What are the kinds of negligence according to the

source of the obligation?

(a)Contractual negligence (culpa contractual)

T+is is t+e %e$!i$e%ce c"**itte& #/ t+e &e#t"r i% t+e perf"r*%ce "f% "#!i$ti"% %&er c"%trct. T+is i%& "f %e$!i$e%ce is %"t s"rce "f % "#!i$ti"% %&er Artic!e 1147. It *ere!/ *es t+e&e#t"r !i#!e f"r &*$es %&er Artic!e 117 %& 1175 #ecse "f +is%e$!i$e%ce i% t+e f!fi!*e%t "f % "#!i$ti"% !re&/ e2isti%$ #ecse

"f c"%trct #et0ee% t+e prties.

(b)Civil negligence (culpa aquiliana or tort)T+is

is t+e %e$!i$e%ce c"**itte& #/ t+e &e#t"r 0it+"t cri*i%! i%te%t %&i%&epe%&e%t "f pre-e2isti%$ c"%trct #et0ee% t+e &e#t"r %& t+ecre&it"r. T+is i%& "f %e$!i$e%ce is itse!f t+e s"rce "f % "#!i$ti"%%&er Artic!e 1147 %& 1165 !s" %"0% s quasidelict.

(c)Criminal negligence (culpa criminal) T+is is%e$!i$e%ce t+t res!ts i% t+e c"**issi"% "f cri*e.

Illustrative Example 24: %$ C%"r t2i &ri'er 0s &ri'i%$ #e/"%& t+espee& !i*it !"%$ sc+""! "%e. It 0s t"" !te 0+e% +e c$+t si$+t "f si2t+$r&er ! 0+" 0s cr"ssi%$ t+e pe&estri% !%e. ! 0s si&es0ipe& #/ t+et2i.


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%esolutio!:

1. T+ere is %" pre-e2isti%$ c"%trct! re!ti"% #et0ee% ! %& t+e t2i&ri'er "r t+e "0%er "f t+e t2ic# c"*p%/. e%ce t+e %e$!i$e%ce "f t+e &ri'er

$i'es rise t" culpa aquiliana. T+is 0i!! #e t+e s"rce "f t+e !i#i!it/ f"r &*$es "ft+e &ri'er %& "pert"r t" !.

. After Be%" #"r&e& t+e t2i contract of carriage0s !re&/ perfecteet0ee% Be%" (psse%$er) %& t+e "0%er "f t+e t2ic# c"*p%/. U%&er t+isc"%trct t+e t2ic# c"*p%/ "#!i$es itse!f t" #ri%$ t+e psse%$er sfe!/ t" its&esti%ti"%. I% t+is cse t+e t2ic# c"*p%/ is $i!t/ "f c"%tr'e%ti"% "r #rec+"f its contract of carriage0it+ Be%" #ecse "f t+e %e$!i$e%ce "f its t+"rie&&ri'er %$ C%"r. e%ce Be%" c% fi!e % cti"% f"r &*$es f"r contractualnegligence $i%st t+e t2ic# c"*p%/ f"r t+e i%ries ssti%e& #/ +i* risi%$fr"* t+e %e$!i$e%ce "f %$ C%"r 0+ic+ is !s" c"%si&ere& t+e %e$!i$e%ce "f t+e

t2ic# c"*p%/.(. T+e s*e %e$!i$e%t ct "f %$ C%"r */ !s" #e t+e #sis f"r fi!i%$ %

cti"% f"r &*$es #se& "% criminal negligence. T+is is #ecse %$ C%"r9sct "f %e$!i$e%t!/ &ri'i%$ #e/"%& t+e spee& !i*it i% sc+""! "%e !s" res!te& i% cri*e %"0% s /eckless 0mprudence (Art. 364 Re'ise& e%! C"&e). e%cesi&e fr"* t+e cti"% f"r ci'i! %e$!i$e%ce ! c% !s" fi!e % cti"% f"r cri*i%!%e$!i$e%ce $i%st %$ C%"r f"r /eckless 0mprudence /esulting in 1hysical0njuries. I% t+e s*e *%%er Be%" t+e psse%$er c% !s" fi!e % cti"% $i%st%$ C%"r c!i*i%$ f"r &*$es risi%$ fr"* cri*i%! %e$!i$e%ce i% si*i!rcse f"r /eckless 0mprudence /esulting in 1hysical 0njuries.

Can the injured party still recover damages if he

himself is guilty of negligence?

(a)If t+e i%re& prt/9s "0% %e$!i$e%ce 0s t+e i**e&ite %&

pr"2i*te "r &irect cse "f +is i%r/ +e c%%"t rec"'er &*$es.(Art. 517)

Example 25: At 1 "9c!"c i% t+e e'e%i%$ Di"%isi" 0s r% "'er #/ crt+t 0s tr'e!!i%$ t *"&erte spee& !"%$ t+e S"t+ L"% E2press


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*"&erte spee& %& c"!& %"t +'e f"resee% t+e prese%ce "f pe&estri% i% t+e*i&&!e "f +i$+ r"& t t+t ti*e "f t+e %i$+t.

(b)If t+e i%re& prt/9s "0% %e$!i$e%ce *ere!/ c"%tri#te& t"+is i%r/ #t t+e pr"2i*te cse "f t+e i%r/ 0s sti!! t+e%e$!i$e%ce "f t+e prt/ csi%$ t+e &*$e t+e% t+e i%re& prt/c% sti!! rec"'er &*$es. (Art. 517)

Example 26: Di% %& Cesr $ree& t" 'isit frie%& i% *p%$. Cesr t+e%i%'ite& Di% t" ri&e i% +is cr %& i%strcte& +er t" fste% +er set #e!t #ef"re t+etrip. Di% +"0e'er &i& %"t c"*p!/. I% t+e NLE Cesr &r"'e t+e cr #e/"%& t+espee& !i*it &espite t+e +e'/ ri%s. T+e cr s!ippe& %& #*pe& i%t" te%-

0+ee!er trc tr'e!!i%$ "% t+e s*e !%e. As res!t Di% ssti%e& seri"s

i%ries. I% t+e i%'esti$ti"% it 0s f"%& t+t Di% 0"!& +'e ssti%e& "%!/*i%"r i%ries if s+e +& "%!/ fste%e& +er set #e!t &ri%$ t+e trip.

*%e&tion : C% Di% sti!! rec"'er &*$es f"r +er i%ries fr"* Cesr=

An&7er I% t+is cse Cesr9s ct "f "'erspee&i%$ i% t+e NLE is % ct "f%e$!i$e%ce 0+ic+ 0s t+e pr"2i*te cse "f t+e i%ries ssti%e& #/ Di%.e%ce e'e% if Di% 0s +erse!f %e$!i$e%t i% %"t +'i%$ fste%e& +er set #e!t&ri%$ t+e trip t+is 0i!! %"t pre'e%t +er fr"* rec"'eri%$ &*$es fr"* Cesr.

Dela4 (&ef!t "r mora)(See t+e &iscssi"% %&er N".#"'e.)

%hat is a fortuitous event5 (&rticle 11'!

A fort%ito%& e)ent is % e'e%t 0+ic+ c%%"t #e f"resee% "r

e'e% if f"resee% is i%e'it#!e e'e%t.

T" e2e*pt t+e &e#t"r fr"* t+e perf"r*%ce "f +is "#!i$ti"%

#ecse "f fortuitous event it is re:ire& t+t

"a# t+e +ppe%i%$ "f t+e e'e%t *st #e i%&epe%&e%t "f t+e 0i!! "ft+e &e#t"r,

"/# t+ere *st #e i*p"ssi#i!it/ "f f"reseei%$ t+e e'e%t "r "f'"i&i%$ it e'e% if it 0s f"resee%, %&


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"c# t+e +ppe%i%$ "f t+e e'e%t *es it i*p"ssi#!e f"r t+e&e#t"r t" perf"r* +is "#!i$ti"% i% %"r*! *%%er.

E2*p!es

a) 2cts of 3od

A si%$er fi!s t" si%$ t t+e c"%cert &e t" t/p+"i& fe'er. I!!%ess is f"rtit"s e'e%t 0+ic+ 0i!! e2e*pt t+e &e#t"r fr"* !i#i!it/ f"r &*$esf"r %"%-perf"r*%ce "f +er "#!i$ti"% %&er +er c"%trct 0it+ t+epr"&cers "f t+e c"%cert.

Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er +is cr t" C"% >%e 3 511. Dfi!s t" &e!i'ert+e cr #ecse it s% i% f!s+ f!""& &ri%$ t/p+""% "% >%e 58

511. D!& "#!i$ti"% t" Cis %"0 e2ti%$is+e& #ecse t+e !"ss "f t+e cr%& t+e res"% f"r %"%-&e!i'er/ 0s &e t" f"rtit"s e'e%t.

b) 2cts of an

Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er +is cr t" C"% >%e 3 511. Dfi!s t" &e!i'ert+e cr #ecse it 0s cr%ppe& 0+i!e pre& "tsi&e +is +"*e "%>%e 58 511. T+e cr 0s %e'er rec"'ere&. D!& "#!i$ti"% t" Cis %"0e2ti%$is+e& #ecse t+e !"ss "f t+e cr %& t+e res"% f"r %"%-&e!i'er/

0s &e t" f"rtit"s e'e%t.


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EXCEPTIONS :"0e'er t+e f"!!"0i%$ re s"*e i%st%ces

0+e% t+e &e#t"r */ sti!! #e !i#!e e'e% if +e is %"t #!e t" %"r*!!/

c"*p!/ 0it+ +is "#!i$ti"% #/ res"% "f f"rtit"s e'e%t

(A)When expressly specified by law (Art. 1174)

U%&er Artic!e 117 if t+e &e#t"r is $i!t/ "f fr& %e$!i$e%ce "r

&e!/ "r c"%tr'e%ti"% "f t+e te%"r "f +is "#!i$ti"% +e 0i!! sti!! #e!i#!e f"r &*$es e'e% if f"rtit"s e'e%t pre'e%te& t+e %"r*!perf"r*%ce "f +is "#!i$ti"%.

Example 27: Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er +is $"t t" C"% >%e 3 511. O%>!/ 1 511 C&e*%&e& f"r t+e &e!i'er/ "f t+e $"t. O% >!/ 5 511 !%&s!i&e i% t+e fr* "f C#rie& t+e $"t !i'e.

*%e&tion : Is t+e "#!i$ti"% "f Dt" &e!i'er t+e $"t t" C%"0 e2ti%$is+e&=

An&7er NO. I% t+is cse C !re&/ *&e &e*%& "% Df"r &e!i'er/ "ft+e $"t "% >!/ 1 511. %e 5 511is t+e "#!i$ti"% "f Dt" &e!i'er t+e $"t t" C%"0 e2ti%$is+e&=


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An&7er NO. I% t+is cse e'e% if t+e f"rtit"s e'e%t &i& %"t +ppe% "%>%e 5 511 %& t+e $"t &i& %"t peris+ D0"!& sti!! #e %#!e t" &e!i'ert+e $"t t" C#ecse it 0s !re&/ pr"*ise& f"r &e!i'er/ t" 5"% % er!ier

&te. T+ere 0s #& fit+ "% t+e prt "f Df"r pr"*isi%$ t" &e!i'er t+e s*especific thing t" t0" &iffere%t cre&it"rs. T+e res!t is t+t "%!/ "%e "f t+ecre&it"rs 0i!! #e #!e t" ccept &e!i'er/ "f t+e $"t. e%ce t+e !0 *est+e &e#t"r !i#!e f"r &*$es e'e% if it 0"!& pper t+t t+e &e#t"r9s %"%-perf"r*%ce 0s &e t" f"rtit"s e'e%t.

U%&er Artic!e 1568 if t+e &e#t"r9s "#!i$ti"% t" &e!i'er specific

t+i%$ rises fr"* +is c"**issi"% "f cri*e +e 0i!! %"%et+e!ess #e!i#!e f"r &*$es e'e% if t+e specific t+i%$ is !"st #/ 'irte "f

f"rtit"s e'e%t.

Example 29: Dst"!e t+e $"t "f C. Lter D0s c"%'icte& "f t+e cri*e"f t+eft %& 0s "r&ere& #/ t+e c"rt t" retr% t+e $"t t" C.


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An&7er NO. I% t+is cse e'e% if t+e $"t peris+e& i% f"rtit"s e'e%tD!& "#!i$ti"% 0i!! %"t #e e2ti%$is+e&. D0i!! sti!! #e !i#!e t" Cf"r &*$es#ecse it 0s specific!!/ $ree& p"% i% t+eir c"%trct.

(C)When the nature of the obligation requires

the assumption of risk (Art. 1174)

Example 31: D resi&e%t "f B"ce B!c% is e%$$e& i% t+e#si%ess "f se!!i%$ firecrcers. e "0%s 15 s:re-*eter fct"r/-

0re+"se 0+ere +e *%fctres %& st"res +is st"cs. O% >%e 14 511

t+e fct"r/ c$+t fire %& $tte& &"0% t+e pr"pert/ "f C st #esi&e t+e0re+"se f"r 0+ic+ C i%crre& &*$es *"%ti%$ t" @4. I% t+ei%'esti$ti"% c"%&cte& #/ t+e cit/ "f B"ce it 0s f"%& t+t % e2p!"si"%i**e&ite!/ prece&e& t+e fire 0+ic+ 0s cse& #/ fr$*e%ts "f f!!i%$*ete"rite fr"* spce. Dsees t" e2cse +i*se!f fr"* !i#i!it/ s/i%$ t+tt+ere 0s %" f!t "r %e$!i$e%ce "% +is prt %& t+e &*$e 0s cse& #/ f"rtit"s e'e%t.

*%e&tion : C% D#e *&e !i#!e t" Cf"r &*$es=

An&7er KES. D 0"!& sti!! #e !i#!e t" C f"r &*$es #ecse D!&

#si%ess "f se!!i%$ firecrcers i%'"!'e& t+e ss*pti"% "f ris. T+eref"re Dc%%"t e2e*pt +i*se!f fr"* !i#i!it/ f"r &*$es #/ c!i*i%$ t+t t+e fire0+ic+ cse& &*$e t" C!& pr"pert/ 0s &e t" f"rtit"s e'e%t.

(D)When the thing to be delivered is generic

(Art. 1263)


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"#!i$ti"% 0i!! #e c"%'erte& i%t" *"%etr/ "#!i$ti"% f"r t+ep/*e%t "f &*$es t" t+e cre&it"r risi%$ fr"* &e#t"r9s f!t "r%e$!i$e%ce.

Example 32: Dpr"*ise& t" &e!i'er t" C #!e 5 B< cr 0it+ p!te%*#er ABC-153 "% >%e 3 511. O% >%e 54 511 f!!i%$ *ete"ritefr"* spce crs+e& "%t" t+e pr"pert/ "f D%& c"*p!ete!/ #r%e& t+e cr t"s+es.

*%e&tion 1 : Is t+e "#!i$ti"% "f Dt" &e!i'er t+e cr t" C%"0 e2ti%$is+e&=

An&7er KES. Si%ce t+e "#!i$ti"% is specific re! "#!i$ti"% t+e !"ss "ft+e specific t+i%$ #/ 'irte "f f"rtit"s e'e%t c"*p!ete!/ e2ti%$is+es t+e

&e#t"r9s "#!i$ti"%. e is t+e% c"*p!ete!/ re!ese& fr"* %/ i%& "f !i#i!it/t" t+e cre&it"r.

*%e&tion :


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8&%r4is t+e c"%trcti%$ f"r "r recei'i%$ s"*et+i%$ i% e2cess "f

t+e *"%t !!"0e& #/ !0 f"r t+e !"% "r f"r#er%ce "f *"%e/ t+e ti%$ "f *"re i%terest f"r t+e se "f *"%e/ t+% t+e !0 !!"0s. @

e%ce pers"% #ec"*es !i#!e if +e c+r$es *"re t+% t+eprescri#e& !0f! rtes "f i%terest %&er t+e Usr/ L0.

T+e Usr/ !0 +"0e'er is %"0 !e$!!/ i%e2iste%t fter Ce%tr!

B% Circ!r N". 4 (Dec. 1 585 effecti'e >%r/ 1 183) 0sisse& #/ t+e Ce%tr! B% "%etr/ B"r& repe!i%$ t+e *2i**rtes "f i%terest prescri#e& %&er t+e Usr/ L0. e%ce i%terest

c% %"0 #e c+r$e& &epe%&i%$ "% t+e *t! $ree*e%t "f t+e&e#t"r %& cre&it"r.

N"te +"0e'er t+t %&er Artic!e 146 i% "r&er f"r t+e cre&it"r t"

#e #!e t" rec"'er i%terest "% !"% "r f"r#er%ce "f *"%e/ t+ep/*e%t "f i%terest *st #e e2press!/ stip!te& #et0ee% t+e prties%& pt &"0% i% 0riti%$.

Example 33: D #"rr"0e& 1 fr"* C. T+e prties "r!!/ $ree&t+t D0i!! p/ +is !"% "%e /er fter p!s 5J i%terest i% t+e *"%t "f5 "r t"t! "f 15 "% *trit/ &te.

*%e&tion : "0 *c+ c% Cc"!!ect fr"* D"% *trit/ &te=

An&7er C0i!! +'e t+e ri$+t t" c"!!ect "%!/ 1 - t+e pri%cip! *"%t"f t+e !"%. Dc%%"t #e c"*pe!!e& t" p/ t+e 5 *"%t &e si%terest #ecse t+e prties9 $ree*e%t 0it+ respect t" p/*e%t "f i%terest i%t+is cse 0s %"t pt &"0% i% 0riti%$. T+e $ree*e%t 0s *ere!/ 'er#!.

8resumptions on the payment of interest andprior instalments under &rticle 11'*. 7


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A pres*pti"% is % i%fere%ce s t" t+e e2iste%ce "f fct%"t ct!!/ %"0% risi%$ fr"* its s! c"%%ecti"% 0it+ %"t+er0+ic+ is %"0%.


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Example 35: D#"rr"0e& 1 fr"* Cp/#!e "% >!/ 1 511 p!s1J i%terest i% t+e *"%t "f 1. O% >!/ 1 511 Dpi& C1.

Ct+e% isse& receipt c%"0!e&$i%$ t+e p/*e%t "f t+e pri%cip! *"%t"f 1 0it+"t specif/i%$ 0+et+er t+e i%terest "% t+e !"% +& #ee%pi&.

I% t+is cse it is pres*e& t+t t+e i%terest "f 1 +& !re&/#ee% pi& #/ D. "0e'er Cis !!"0e& t" prese%t e'i&e%ce t" pr"'e t+t t+ei%terest "% t+e !"% +& %"t /et #ee% pi&. If t+e c"rt fi%&s t+e e'i&e%ce "fC i% "r&er C0i!! #e !!"0e& t" rec"'er t+e %pi& i%terest. "0e'er if Cfi!s t" prese%t c"%'i%ci%$ e'i&e%ce t+t D+& %"t /et pi& t+e i%terest t+epres*pti"% i% f'"r "f D0i!! st%& %& C0i!! %"t #e !!"0e& t" rec"'er.

"#


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n case the debtor fails to comply with his

obligation, what are the remedies of the creditor toenforce the payment of his claims5 (&rticle 11''!

"A# T+e cre&it"r c% fi!e % cti"% f"r specific perf"r*%ce t"c"*pe! t+e &e#t"r t" c"*p!/ 0it+ +is "#!i$ti"%,

"6# If specific perf"r*%ce is %" !"%$er p"ssi#!e t+e cre&it"r c%prse "r r% fter t+e pr"perties (re! "r pers"%!) i% p"ssessi"% "ft+e &e#t"r,

"C# If t+e &e#t"r &"es %"t +'e sfficie%t pr"perties t" %s0er f"rt+e cre&it"r9s c!i*s t+e cre&it"r c% e2ercise !! t+e ri$+ts %& #ri%$!! t+e cti"%s "f t+e &e#t"r e2cept t+"se t+t re pers"%! t" t+e&e#t"r, %&

"D# If t+e c!i* re*i%s %stisfie& fter +'i%$ 'i!e& "f t+eprece&i%$ re*e&ies t+e cre&it"r c% s t+e c"rt t" resci%& "ri*p$% %/ ct "r c"%trct 0+ic+ t+e &e#t"r */ +'e e%tere& i%t" t"&efr& t+e cre&it"r.

Example 37: D"0es C4 &e "% >%e 3 511. 5"0es D5 &e"% >!/ 1 511. D+s +"se 0"rt+ @ cr 0"rt+ 1.4 %& r"!e2

0tc+ 0"rt+ 4. O% >%e 14 511 D s"!& +is +"se t" 6f"r @.O% >%e 3 511 D fi!e& t" p/ +is "#!i$ti"% #ecse +e 0s !re&/#%rpt s "f t+t &te.

*%e&tion :


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(. Si%ce C+s sti!! 3 c"!!ecti#!e +e c% s t+e c"rt t" "r&er 5t"p/ +is 5 "#!i$ti"% t" C i%ste& "f p/i%$ it t" D. After t+e c"rt "r&erst+e p/*e%t "%!/ 1 "f t+e "#!i$ti"% re*i%s.

+. Si%ceC+s %" "t+er 0/ "f rec"'eri%$ t+e #!%ce "f +is cre&it Cc% %"0 s t+e c"rt t" resci%& "r c%ce! t+e c"%trct "f s!e #et0ee% D%& 6"'er t+e +"se "% t+e $r"%& t+t t+e s!e 0s *&e #/ Dt" &efr&C%& t" e'&e t+e perf"r*%ce "f +is "#!i$ti"%. O%ce t+e s!e is resci%&e&%& re'erte& #c t" t+e "0%ers+ip "f D, it */ #e s"!& t p#!ic cti"%%&er t+e c"rt9s pr"cesses s" t+t prt "f t+e pr"cee&s */ #e se& t"c"'er t+e #!%ce "f t+e "#!i$ti"% i% t+e *"%t "f 1.

%hat is the rule with respect to transmissibilityof rights5 (&rticle 11'!

General r%le: A!! ri$+ts c:ire& i% 'irte "f % "#!i$ti"% re

tr%s*issi#!e.

Example 38: D#"rr"0e& 54 fr"* Cp/#!e "% >!/ 1 511. Ase'i&e%ce "f t+e &e#t D si$%e& pr"*iss"r/ %"te i% f'"r "f C. Bef"re

*trit/ &te Ce%&"rses t+e %"te t" E.

T+e ri$+t "f C t" c"!!ect t+e 54 fr"* D"% *trit/ &te is tr%s*issi#!e ri$+t. e%ce #/ e%&"rsi%$ t+e %"te t" E, Ci% effect tr%s*its"r ssi$%s +is ri$+t %&er t+e pr"*iss"r/ %"te t" E. T+e effect is t+t "% >!/1 511 E, 0+" is %"0 i% p"ssessi"% "f t+e pr"*iss"r/ %"te 0i!! +'e t+eri$+t t" c"!!ect t+e *"%t "% t+e %"te fr"* D.

Exception&: Ri$+ts c%%"t #e tr%s*itte&

"A#


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"6#

Documents

Chapter 2 - Oblicon