Chapter 2 Microprocessor

Microprocessors

Chapter 2

5/14/2013 Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Slide 2 of 39 Chapter 2

Objectives

Discuss the working of microprocessor

Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor

List the types of microprocessors

Discuss the evolution of microprocessors

List the various microprocessor designs

Install the microprocessor

Configure the microprocessor

Upgrade the microprocessor

Troubleshoot the microprocessor



Microprocessor

Is a chip

Has transistors built into it

Has cache to store information



Working of the Microprocessor

Accepts data

Processes data

Stores data

Sends output data



Parts of microprocessor - I

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Control Unit - Controls the flow of the data and

information to other units of the microprocessor

Prefetch Unit - Controls the flow of the data and

gives instructions to the Decode unit from the

Instruction cache

Instruction and Data Cache – Stores instructions

and data temporarily



Parts of microprocessor - II

Bus Unit - Connects the internal units of the microprocessor like the control unit and prefetch unit.

Decode Unit - Decodes the various instructions sent to the microprocessor

Registers - Store data required by the ALU



Speed of Microprocessor

Depends on number of instructions it

processes

Bandwidth (32/64 bit)

Clock speed (GHz)

Number of transistors built into it



Multitasking/Multiprocessing

Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no. of tasks

Enables the processor to run multiple program simultaneously

Reduces the processor idle time

Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for simultaneously running more than one process by multiple processing units

Each processing unit runs independently and may or may not have individual cache memory

Most effective when used with application software



Interface of Microprocessor

Steps followed by the microprocessor to

interface with a device:

• Checks the status of the device.

• Requests the device for transferring data.

• The device sends the data request to the

microprocessor.

• The microprocessor sends the required data to

the device.



FSB/BSB

FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor

to the north bridge of motherboard

Also known as system bus or memory bus

Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM

BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor

with L2 cache

BSB is faster than FSB



Operating Voltage of Microprocessor

Lowering the operating voltage decreases the

power consumption

Less power consumption, system is less expensive

to run and more battery life

Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat

Processors that run cooler give better performance

Operating voltage range is 1.5 to 2.9V



Packaging of microprocessor - I

Types of microprocessor packaging:

• Pin Grid Array (PGA) - Mainly used with modern high speed microprocessors due to the enhanced thermal and electrical properties of the ceramic material

• Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA) – Pins are staggered rather than arranged in standard rows and columns. Allows to move the pins closer and decrease the size of chip



Packaging of microprocessor - II

• Single edge contact (SEC) and single edge

processor packaging (SEPP) - SEC cartridge

incorporates the back side bus and L2 cache

internally. It was a cost effective method for

integrating L2 cache into the processor. A less

expensive of the SEC is the single edge

processor (SEP) package without fancy plastic

cover



Types of microprocessor - I

Based on the number of instructions built into it, they can be classified as:

• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) – Many instructions built into it which saves processing time for performing tasks otherwise it has to be retrieved from RAM. However it affects the performance of the microprocessor because more time is taken to process the instruction and also the space available on the microprocessor for processing reduces. To overcome this problem more transistors need to be built into the microprocessor



Types of microprocessor - II

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) –

Have limited instructions built into it which

requires few transistors to be built into the

microprocessor. Saves the space in the

microprocessor and cheaper as compared to

CISC processor. This processor is favorable for

scientific purposes where limited instructions

are required



Microprocessors Timeline



Intel Pentium Microprocessor

Designed to work with everyday applications

• Word processors

• Spreadsheets

• Multimedia applications

• Games

Versions

• Pentium I

• Pentium II

• Pentium III

• Pentium IV



Pentium I

Released in 1993

First chip from the fifth generation of

microprocessors

Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing

instructions to perform multiple calculations

simultaneously



Pentium II

Released in 1997

Available on a daughter card that has L2

cache


instructions



Pentium III

Released in 1999

Has a unique Processor Serial Number

(PSN) embedded in the chip


instructions

Has 70 more instructions built into it which

enhances processing of graphical

information



Pentium IV

Released in 2000

Enables to work with

applications that require a lot of

processing such as digital

photography

Has a 20-stage data pipeline for

executing instructions

Also available in the following

editions:

• Hyper-Threading (HT)

• HT Extreme



Intel Centrino Mobile Technology

Released in the year 2003

Uses the SSE instruction set

Has 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0

The components that constitute this technology are:

• Intel Pentium M Processor

• Intel 855 chipset family

• Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection



Intel Pentium M

Small in size

Consumes less energy and prolong the

battery life

Used in

• Laptops

• notebook computers



Intel Celeron

Cheaper and economical

Used for running applications that do not

require a lot of processing

Smaller cache size, clock speed and bus

speed is also less

Celeron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache,

533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket



Intel Xeon

Heavy-duty microprocessors

Used to power servers and workstations on a

network

Supports multiprocessors



Intel Itanium

Used to power network servers

and workstations

Can execute three instructions

at a time

Is a Reduced Instruction Set

Computing (RISC) based

microprocessor

Cost is more than Xeon

processors

Uses in database and e-mail

servers



Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

Created in the year 1969

Developed

• Duron

• Athlon

Cheaper than Pentium processors

Uses Slot A to connect the AMD microprocessor to

the motherboard



Dual Core

Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core CPU

Each of the cores has their own cache, can process independently and provide better performance

To make use of dual core technology, the process must use multiple threads

Well suited for multitasking environment

Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for various segments



Cyrix

Chip was basically a 486 design

First introduced in 1995

Had several compatibility and overheating

problems

6X86 was the fastest processor



Microprocessor Design

Specifies the type of the microprocessor that

can be installed on the motherboard

Uses the

• Socket

• Slot



Microprocessor Socket and show from CBT

Connects the microprocessor to the motherboard

Available as

• Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) uses a lever to install or remove the microprocessor

• Low Insertion Force (LIF) requires little force to install or remove the microprocessor



Socket 1

169 pins arranged in

three rows

Supplies maximum 5

volts to the

microprocessor

Supports the 80486

and 80486 OverDrive

microprocessor



Socket 2

238 pins arranged in four rows

Supplies maximum 5 volts to the microprocessor

Supports the 80486 OverDrive and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors



Socket 3

237 pins arranged in four rows

Supplies 3.3 to 5 volts to the microprocessor

Voltage can be adjusted using the jumpers on the motherboard

Supports the 80486, AMD, Cyrix and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors



Socket 4


four rows

Supplies maximum 5

volts to the

microprocessor

Supports the Pentium

66, 120 and 133 MHz

microprocessors



Socket 5

320 pins arranged in five

rows

Supplies maximum 3.3

volts to the

microprocessor

Supports the Pentium,

Pentium with MMX and

Pentium OverDrive

microprocessors



Socket 6


four rows

Supplies maximum

3.3 volts to the

microprocessor



Socket 7

321 pins in five rows

supplies 2.5 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor

This socket supports the Pentium, Pentium with MMX and Pentium OverDrive microprocessors



Socket 8


five rows

Supplies 3.1 to 3.3

volts to the

microprocessor

Supports the Pentium

Pro microprocessors



Socket 370


six rows

Has L2 cache built

into the

microprocessor

Supports Celeron 2

and Pentium III

microprocessors



Socket 462

Known as Socket A

Has 462 pins but 9 pins are blocked

Has the L2 cache built into the microprocessor

Supports the AMD’s Athlon and Duron microprocessors



Socket 478

Has 478 pins

Has the L2

cache built into

the

microprocessor

Supports the

Intel Pentium 4

microprocessor



Socket 754

Developed by AMD and used for Athlon

64 or Sempron processors

Supports 64 bit computing processors

Has 754 pins and PGA-ZIF type

Voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V

Supports 800MHz bus speed



Socket 775

Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest

processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT

and P4 extreme edition processors

Also supports 64 bit computing technology

Has 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type



Socket 939

Developed by AMD and supports 64 bit computing

Contains 939 pins and PGA-ZIF type

Operating voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V

Supports 64 KB L1 and 1 MB L2 cache

Supports 3D technology for better graphic resolution

Used with AMD Athlon 64, 64 FX, 64 X2 and Opetron processors



Slot 1

Supports microprocessors that have 242 pins

Microprocessor is mounted on a card that uses

Socket 8

Supplies 2.8 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor

Supports the Pentium II, III, and Celeron

microprocessors



Slot 2

Supports microprocessors that have 330 pins

Supports the Pentium Xeon microprocessors

Found on server motherboards



Slot A

Created by AMD and similar to Intel’s slot1

Supports the Athlon microprocessors

Uses the EV6 protocol for increased speed

between microprocessor and RAM



Install Microprocessor in ZIF socket and heat

sink – I and show from CBT

1. Check voltage requirements

2. Wear an anti-static wristband

3. Place motherboard on work desk

4. Take microprocessor out from anti-static bag

5. Check that all pins on underside of microprocessor are

straight



Heat Sink

A component that is used to lower the temperature of an electronic device which absorbs heat from the electronic device and distributes it to surrounding environment. Two types of heat sinks available namely:

Passive Heat Sink – The passive heat sink is a metal plate with fins attached to surface of the processor. The plane of the heat sink absorbs the heat of processor and fins streams the air to cool it.

Active Heat Sink – An active heat sink is an expansion of passive heat sink with a fan attached on top of the plane metal surface. This facilitates direct cooling of the processor.



Configuring the Microprocessor and show P-

32 from CBT

Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by

changing the system BIOS

Overclocking the microprocessor to

perform faster



Overclocking

Overclocking increases the speed of the microprocessor

You can overclock the microprocessor by changing jumper settings on motherboard or by changing appropriate BIOS settings

Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan must be installed to cool down the processor

Must be done with a great care by increasing clock speed as little as possible every time

Must check documentation of the microprocessor and motherboard before overclocking

Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity can permanently damage the microprocessor



Upgrading the Microprocessor

Improves the speed and performance of the system and to keep the system up to date

To upgrade

• Replace old microprocessor with new and better microprocessor

• Replace old processor card on the slot with a new card

New processor should be compatible with existing motherboard otherwise you have to replace both processor and motherboard



Replacing the LIF socket Processor

LIF socket does not have a lever to dislodge the

microprocessor chip. You have to use a little force

to remove the microprocessor from motherboard

socket. Chip puller is used to remove the

microprocessor from the socket

You can also use a screwdriver to loosen the

microprocessor from the socket. Microprocessor

must be loosened carefully such that

microprocessor or socket is not damaged



Troubleshooting the Microprocessor

Troubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the problems that arise due to the improper functioning of the microprocessor.

General problems are:

Overheating

Slow Processing or Hanging Issues

No display



Summary - I

The microprocessor is the heart of the system.

Microprocessors process the data using instructions.

CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the microprocessor.

RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the microprocessor.

The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock speed.

Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor.

Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia applications, and games.



Summary - II

Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and notebook computers.

Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more economical than the Pentium microprocessors.

Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size than the Pentium microprocessors.

Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and workstations on a network.

Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers network servers and workstations.

AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors.

The socket on the motherboard connects the microprocessor to the motherboard.



Summary - III

The microprocessors available on cards use motherboards that have a slot to install the microprocessor.

The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the data and give the user valuable information.

Data and information flows from the microprocessor to the different devices connected to the system using the bus.

Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the motherboard or using the system BIOS.

Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor.

To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the system with a new and better microprocessor.

By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like overheating and slow processing.


Documents

Chapter 2 Microprocessor