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Chapter 2
Lighting Environments
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
2
Daylight Integration and Control
• Sunlight vs. DaylightSunlight:
Direct light from the sunCan cause glareCreates excessive heatDeteriorates fabricsFades colors
Daylight:Indirect natural light
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
3
Daylight Integration and Control
• Harvesting of daylight:– Capturing daylight for the purpose of
illumination• Apertures include windows and
skylights
Daylight Integration and Control
• Advantages of daylight and windows:– Psychological & biological well-being – Constant and standard light – Passive solar energy penetration in the
winter– Ventilation with non-fixed windows– View of the outdoors– Reduction in electrical lights– Enhances visual acuity
4
Daylight Integration and Control
• Disadvantages of direct light and windows:– Fading and deterioration of fabrics and
artwork – Cracking and peeling of woods and
paints– Glare– Increased heat in the summer– Black holes at night
5
6
Solar Geometry
• Examines movement of earth around the sun• • Sunlight changes by the hour, day, season,
weather and geographic location
• Use solar geometry to specify size, shape, and location of windows
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Solar Geometry• An object’s appearance will vary
during the day according to the sun’s position: – Light produced by midmorning and late
afternoon sun create long and soft shadows
– Harsh shadows at noon emphasize the three dimensions of objects
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Daylight Integration and Control
• Factors affecting daylight penetration:– Cloudy/overcast skies (reduces
shadows)– Atmospheric pollution– Site orientation– Landscaping and surrounding structures
Site Orientation
• Southern exposure: – Various intensities and colors– Can fade and deteriorate materials
• Northern exposure: – Even intensity and spectographic
characteristics• East/West exposure:
– Low, variable sun angles = glare10
Sunlight vs. Daylight
Sunlit sky vs. day-lit sky
Sunlight penetration changes during the year
Urban sites can have lots of reflected light
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
15
Landscaping and Surrounding Structures
• Outdoors surfaces affecting interior light: – Dark materials absorb light:
• Grass, asphalt, dirt, rocks– Light materials reflect light:
• Rocks, snow, sand
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Windows• Horizontal shapes:– Maximize view and reinforce natural eye
movement• Vertical shapes:
– Maximize amount of reflection (if long, and floor is a light color)
• Windows should be located to reflect light from ceilings
• Transoms can provide daylight in adjacent spaces
• Skylights provide a large area of illumination
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
17
Apertures
• Factors that affect quantity and quality of daylight in a room:– Size, shape, and location of openings– Flush openings not designed to reflect
light– Light shelves, deep and rounded
openings reflect light into the space
Window Apertures: shape and location
• Horizontal shapes• Vertical shapes• Consider reflected light• Transoms• Skylights 18
Interior Surfaces
• Ceilings: matte finish, light color• Chamfer to reflect daylight• Floors and walls opposite windows
can reflect daylight30
Light pipes
Room shape
Light shelf principles
Skylight with integral HVAC return system
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
44
Daylight Factor
• Daylight Factor (DF): – Ratio between the amount of daylight in
specific areas of a room and the light outdoors
– Helps to determine the number of windows and artificial light sources needed in a space
Daylight Factor
• Rule of thumb:– Useable ambient daylight is only with
2.5 H, where H is the head height of the window
45
Using alphabet plans: keep room depth to within 2.5H
Daylighting Models
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© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Windows and Tasks
• To help reduce glare, locate work areas parallel to windows
• Windows should stand to the left of right-handed people; and vice versa
• Equipment and technology located out of direct sunlight
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 54Chapter 2Lighting Environments
Windows and Tasks
• Amount of daylight determined by amount of sky one can see from a room
sight l
ine
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
55
Controlling Daylight• Glazing systems:– Double or triple glazing can reduce amount of
heat gain, noise pollution, and glare• Glass coatings:
– Distort colors of interiors, exteriors of buildings and landscape
• Window treatments:– Draperies, shades, horizontal and vertical
blinds• Roof overhangs and awnings:
– Fixed elements to control sunlight
Shading devices
• Interiors product of all sorts• Traditional: exterior shutters, vertical
and horizontal blinds, roll shades…• Can vary translucency• Can be automated• Can be integrated with switching
system
Lutron’s Sivoia QED (see electronic brochure)
Integration with switching system
Match colors and textures
Dimensional constraints
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
63
Assessment Item
Do you automatically turn on the lights in a room?
Project
• Daylighting creates drama and meaning
• Tadao Ando, the Church of Light
Lillis Business Complex, University of Oregon
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© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Lighting Techniques
• Layered Lighting: – General (ambient)– Task– Accent– Decorative
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© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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General (Ambient) • Sufficient lighting to walk through a
space• Establishes overall impression of
space and is determined by:– Light level– Type of lamps– Style of luminaires– Amount of daylight
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Structural Applications• General lighting often done with
structural lighting systems:– Cornice: Located on vertical surfaces;
directs light downward – Cove: Close to ceiling; directs light
upward– Wall bracket: Located on a wall; directs
light upward and downward
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
79
Luminaire Systems• Ceiling-mounted lighting systems:
– Wallslot: Integrated into the ceiling system and distributes light down onto vertical surfaces
– Recessed luminaires (fixture): downlight (high-hat) mounted above ceiling and directs light downward
– Surface-mounted fixtures: Track lighting, pendants, and any other luminaire installed on a ceiling
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Task Lighting
• Light for specific activities and tasks• Flexibility and control essential for
users• Special considerations:
– Critical tasks– Time spent on task– Age of users
• Potential problems to address:– Strong contrasts in illumination levels– Glare and veiling reflections
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Task Lighting• Resolving problems associated with illumination contrasts:– Moderate illumination levels between
task and surrounding area– Increase contrast in color– Increase size of a task
• Planning task lighting requires an examination of:– Activities in the space– Characteristics of each task– Characteristics of the users
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
82
Assessment Item
How many of these techniques have
you seen?
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Accent Lighting • Highlights an object or element in a space
• A basis for accent lighting is that people are attracted to the brightest region in a space
• Planning accent lighting:– Identify what should be highlighted– Review the surrounding areas and
establish contrast– Determine angle and intensity (5-1
ratio)
84
Accent Lighting• To avoid problems with viewing, the preferred angle to a wall is 30 degrees
art piece
30° angle
light source
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Accent Lighting• Accent techniques:– Grazing: Enhancing textures and forms
of an object by placing the light source close to the object
• Backlighting:– Creates a silhouette of objects
• Types of luminaires:– Uplights– Recessed spots– Spotlight projectors with optical control– Furniture-integrated systems
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
86
Decorative Lighting• Primary purpose is as an ornamental element in a space
• Examples:– Chandeliers– Holograms– Lasers– Neon lights– Fiber optics– Candles
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Assessment Item
When did you notice a room with general, task, and accent
lighting?
Daylighting studies
• Revit uses Advanced Model Graphics• SketchUp uses two saved scenes• North oriented to the top of the screen• Set your interior view to show off shadows
– facing a window is best• Set location and times
Daylighting concerns for different project types
Residential
• Bedroom• Bathroom• Dining room• Kitchen• Living room• Game pit
A work station
• Desk with drawers• Chair• Large computer monitor• Table top for books• Table with three chairs
Restaurant
• Entry/waiting area• Bar• Private dining• Large main dining area• Bathrooms• Kitchen
Art Museum
• Gallery for 3D objects• Gallery for small 2D objects• Gallery for small 2D objects• Gallery for jewelry• Café• Ticketing• Storage
Office project
• Large open office area with desks• Private offices• Conference room with projector• Toilets• Entry/reception/waiting area• Storage