Chapter 2

Internet Trends

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Topics Covered

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Resource Sharing

2.3 Growth Of The Internet

2.4 From Resource Sharing To Communication

2.5 From Text To Multimedia

2.6 Recent Trends

2.1 Introduction

• This chapter

– considers how data networking and the Internet have changed since their inception—

” One should not conclude that the Internet has now finished changing. “ Vinton G.

Cerf

– gives a brief history of the Internet that highlights some of the early motivations

– describes a shift in emphasis from sharing centralized facilities to fully distributed

information systems

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2.2 Resource

Sharing

• Early computer network were designed when computers were large and very expensive, and the main motivation was resource sharing

– Networks were devised to connect multiple users

• each with a screen and keyboard, to a large centralized computer

– Later networks allowed multiple users to share peripheral devices

• Early network were designed to permit sharing of expensive, centralized resources

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2.2 Resource Sharing

• Department of Defense for Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA or ARPA) interested in finding ways to share resources (1960s)

– Researchers needed powerful computers• but these computers were very expensive

• the ARPA budget was insufficient to fund many computers

– ARPA planned to interconnect all computers with a network• and devise software that would allow a researcher to use whichever computer was best suited to perform a given task

• ARPA did the following to achieve the visionary work:

– gathered some of the best minds available

– focused them on computer network research

– hired contractors to turn the designs into a working system: ARPANET(The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

• The research turned out to be revolutionary

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2.3 Growth Of The Internet

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In less than 30 years

• the Internet has grown from an early research prototype connecting a handful of sites to a global communication system

• The rate of growth has been phenomenal

Figure 2.1 illustrates the growth with a

graph

• The graph in Figure 2.1 uses a linear scale in which the y-axis represents values from zero through five hundred fifty million

• Linear plots can be deceptive because they hide small details

To understand the early growth rate

• look at the plot in Figure 2.2, which uses a log scale. It shows that Internet has had exponential growth for over 25 years Internet has been doubling in size every nine to fourteen months

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History of Internet

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2.4 From Resource Sharing To Communication

• As it grew, the Internet changed in two significant ways:

– First, communication speeds increased dramatically

– Second, new applications arose that appealed to a broad cross-section of society

– Internet is no longer dominated by scientists and engineers, scientific applications, or access

to computational resources

• Two technological changes fueled a shift away from resource sharing to new

applications:

– Higher communication speeds

• enabled applications to transfer large volumes of data quickly

– The advent of powerful, affordable, personal computers

• provided the computational power needed for complex computation and graphical displays, eliminating

most of the demand for shared resources

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2.5 From Text To Multimedia

One of the most obvious shifts has occurred in the data being sent across the Internet

Figure 2.3 illustrates one aspect of the shiftAs the figure indicates, Internet communication initially involved textual data

By the 1990s, applications arose that allowed users to transfer images easily

By the late 1990s, users began sending video clips, and full-motion videos

Figure 2.4 illustrates that a similar transition has occurred in audio

Multimedia characterizes data that contains a combination of text, graphics, audio, and video

Much of the content available on the Internet now consists of multimedia

Furthermore, quality has improved as higher bandwidths have made it possible to communicate high-resolution video and high-fidelity audio

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2.5 From Text To Multimedia

On-demand

Real time

2000s

Mixed media

1980s

Multi media

1990s

E-mails, files

1970s

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2.6 Recent Trends

• New technologies and new applications continue to emerge

• Some of the most significant transitions have occurred as traditional

communication systems

– such as the voice telephone network and cable television, moved from analog to digital and

adopted Internet technology

– In addition, support for mobile users is accelerating

• Figure 2.5 lists some of the changes

• One of the most interesting aspects of the Internet

– arises from the way that Internet applications change even though the underlying technology

essentially remains the same

• Figure 2.6 lists types of applications that have emerged

2.6 Recent Trends

• The availability of high-quality teleconferencing systems• such as Cisco's TelePresence is significant for businesses because such systems permit

meetings to occur without travel expense• in many businesses, reducing travel expenses lowers costs significantly

• Some social networking applications such as • Facebook• YouTube• Many others

• Social network apps are fascinating • because they have created new social connections; sets of people know each other only

through the Internet.• sociologists suggest that such applications will enable more people to find others with

shared interests and will foster small social groups

Mention other Trends ?

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2.6 Recent Trends

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Network TrendsNew Trends

• The role of the network must adjust and continually transform in order to be able to keep up with new technologies and end user devices as they constantly come to the market.

• Several new networking trends that effect organizations and consumers:

– Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

– Online collaboration

– Video communications

– Cloud computing– Powerline Networking

Network Trends

Bring Your Own Device

• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) is a major global trend that allows users to use their own devices giving them more opportunities and greater flexibility.

• BYOD allows end users to have the freedom to use personal tools to access information and communicate using their:

– Laptops

– Netbooks

– Tablets

– Smartphones

– E-readers

Network Trends

Online Collaboration

• Individuals want to collaborate and work with

others over the network on joint projects.

• Collaboration tools including Cisco WebEx

(shown in the figure) gives users a way to

instantly connect, interact and achieve their

objectives.

• Collaboration is a very high priority for

businesses and in education.

Network Trends

Video Communication

• Cisco TelePresence powers the new

way of working where everyone,

everywhere, can be more productive

through face to face collaboration.

• Around the world each day, we

transform organizations by

transforming our customer

experiences.

Network Trends

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a global trend that allows us to store personal files or backup our

data on servers over the Internet.

Applications such as word

processing and photo editing can also be accessed using the

Cloud.

Cloud computing also

allows businesses to extend their capabilities on demand

and delivered automatically to any device anywhere in

the world.

Cloud computing is made possible

by data centers. Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data

centers, lease server and storage services from larger data center

organizations in the Cloud.

Network Trends

Cloud Computing (Cont.)

• Four types of Clouds:

– Public Clouds

• Services and applications are made available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.

– Private Clouds

• Applications and services are intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.

– Hybrid Clouds

• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public. Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same architecture.

– Custom Clouds

Network TrendsTechnology Trends

in the Home

– Smart home technology is a growing trend that allows technology to be integrated into every-day appliances which allows them to interconnect with other devices.

– Ovens might know what time to cook a meal for you by communicating with your calendar on what time you are scheduled to be home.

Network Trends

Powerline Networking

– Powerline networking can allow

devices to connect to a LAN where

data network cables or wireless

communications are not a viable

option.

– Using a standard powerline

adapter, devices can connect to the

LAN wherever there is an electrical

outlet by sending data on certain

frequencies.

Network TrendsPowerline Networking

Network TrendsPowerline Networking

Network TrendsPowerline Networking