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Chapter 2
Financial Statements andthe Annual Report
Objectives of Financial Reporting
Provide useful information to those who must make financial decisions Balance sheet—assets, liabilities, and equity Income statement—revenues and expenses Statement of cash flows—cash flows from
operating, investing, and financing activities Notes—accounting policies
LO 1
Example 2.1—Using Financial Reporting Objectives to Make Investment Decisions
Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information
Understandability: the quality of accounting information that makes it comprehensible to those willing to spend the necessary time
Relevance: the capacity of information to make a difference in a decision
Faithful representation: the quality of information that makes it complete, neutral, and free from error
LO 2
Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information (continued)
Comparability: for accounting information, the quality that allows a user to analyze two or more companies and look for similarities and differences
Consistency: for accounting information, the quality that allows a user to compare two or more accounting periods for a single company
Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information (continued)
Materiality: the magnitude of an accounting information omission or misstatement that will affect the judgment of someone relying on the information
Conservatism: the practice of using the least optimistic estimate when two estimates of amounts are about equally likely
Classified Balance Sheet
Separates both assets and liabilities into current and noncurrent Current assets Noncurrent assets Current liabilities Long-term liabilities Stockholders’ equity
LO 3
Operating Cycle
Period of time between the purchase of inventory and the collection of any receivable from the sale of the inventory
Operating Cycle (continued)
Current Assets
Expected to be realized in cash, sold or consumed within one year or operating cycle
Example: cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, merchandise inventory, prepaid insurance, store supplies, etc.
Example—Current Assets Section
Noncurrent or Long-term Assets
Other than the definition of current asset Three common categories:
Investments: securities not expected to be sold within the next year
Property, plant, and equipment: tangible, productive assets used in the operation of a business
Intangibles: lack physical substance • Example: trademarks, copyrights, franchise rights, patents,
and goodwill
Example—Noncurrent or Long-term Assets Section
Current Liabilities
Obligation that will be satisfied within one year or an operating cycle
Example: accounts payable, salaries and wages payable, income taxes payable, interest payable, bank loan payable
Example—Current Liabilities Section
Long-Term Liabilities
Obligation that will not be paid within the next year or an operating cycle, whichever is longer
Example: notes payable and bonds payable Example—Long-term Liabilities Section
Stockholders’ Equity
Owners claims on assets of the business Arise from two sources:
Contributed capitalCapital stock: owner’s investments in businessPaid-in capital in excess of par value
Retained earnings: accumulated earnings, or net income, of the business since its inception less all dividends paid during that time
Example—Stockholders’ Equity Section
Example 2-4 Preparing a Classified Balance Sheet
Example 2-4 Preparing a Classified Balance Sheet (continued)
Analysis of Liquidity
Liquidity: ability to pay debts as they come due Working capital
Current assets − current liabilities Negative working capital may signal the inability to
pay creditors on a timely basis Current Ratio: higher ratio indicates high
liquidity
LO 4
Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities
Current Ratio =
Example 2.5—Computing the Current Ratio
The following formula shows that Dixon Sporting Goods has a current ratio of just under 2 to 1:
The Income Statement Summarizes the results of operations of an entity
for a period of time Reports the excess of revenue over expense—that
is the net income Single-step income statement: expenses are added
together and subtracted from all revenues in single step
Multiple-step income statement: shows classifications of revenues and expenses as well as important subtotals
LO 5
Example 2.6—Preparing a Single-Step Income Statement
Example 2.7—Preparing a Multiple-Step Income Statement
Analyzing Company’s Operations
Profit margin: Net income divided by sales High margin implies company is generating revenue
and also controlling its costs
LO 6
Example 2.8—Computing the Profit Margin
Statement of Retained Earnings
Reports the net income and any dividends declared during the period
Important link between the income statement and the balance sheet
Explain the changes in the components of owners’ equity during the period
LO 7
Example 2.9—Preparing a Statement of Retained Earnings
Statement of Cash Flows
Summarizes a company’s operating, investing, and financing activities for the period
Each of these categories can result in a net inflow or a net outflow of cash
LO 8
Example 2.10—Preparing a Statement of Cash Flows
Read and Use the Financial Statements and Annual Report
The classified balance sheet and multiple-step income statement yield more useful information to decision makers than their simpler versions
Annual reports contain more information than just the financial statements
Management’s Discussion and Analysis provides explanatory comments about certain results reflected in the financial statements
LO 9
Read and Use the Financial Statements and Annual Report (continued)
The Report of Independent Accountants is provided by the company’s auditor Auditor expresses an opinion on whether the financial
statements fairly represent the accounting treatment of a company’s economic activity for the year
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are generally supplementary disclosures required by GAAP Help explain detail behind the accounting treatment of
certain items in the financial statements
The Ratio Analysis Model
1. How liquid is a company?2. Gather the information about current assets
and current liabilities3. Calculate current ratio4. Compare the ratio with prior years and with
competitors5. Interpret the ratios—higher the current ratio,
the more liquid the company
The Business Decision Model
1. If you were a banker, would you be willing to loan money to a company?
2. Gather information from the financial statements and other sources
3. Compare the company's current ratios with industry averages and look at trends
4. Loan money or find an alternative use for the money
5. Monitor the loan periodically
Auditors’ report
Opinion rendered by a public accounting firm concerning the fairness of the presentation of the financial statements.
End of Chapter 2