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8/7/2019 chapter 2 china nubia celtic olmec and chavin
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The Emergence of Human
Communities
New Civilizations in the Eastern andWestern Hemispheres
2200-250 B.C.E.Chapter 2
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Essential Questions
How did early Chinese rulers use religion
to justify and strengthen their power?
How did the technological and culturalinfluences of Egypt affect the formation of
Nubia?
What role did nature and the environment
play in the development of early
civilizations in the Americas?
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Early China 2000-221 B.C.E.
Challenging agriculture due todifferent environments
Feudal organization
Weakened monarch position
Rise independent states Rivalry of Chinese states
Leads to rise of bureaucracy,administrative experts, anddeadly warfare.
Yin/yang interdependence
Male dominant Confucianism reduces
womens status and rights
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China and its Geography
The Yellow River
3000 Miles: Tibet to the
Yellow Sea
Deposits fertile, lightcolored soil
Periodic flooding:
Chinas sorrow
The Himalayans Gobi Desert
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China Shang Dynasty
Shang
1766-1122 BCE
Bronze metallurgy from
1200 BCE
Horse-drawn chariots,
other wheeled vehicles
Large armies
Political organization:
network of fortified
cities, loyal to center
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Zhou Dynasty
1122-256 BCE
Mandate of Heaven
Decentralization of
authority Iron weaponry widespread
weaponry
Early money economy
Decentralized leadershipInternal dissention: thePeriod of the Warring States(403-221 BCE)
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Nubia Located in southernEgypt
Served as a trade route
Natural resources suchas gold, copper, semi-
precious stones Most prominent: NileRiver
Boats operated betweencataracts and then byland
From semi-nomadic toagriculture and cattleherding along the river
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Origins of Mesoamerican
Civilizations Migration across Bering land bridge?
Probably 13,000 BCE, perhaps earlier
By sea from Asia? By 9500 BCE reached southernmost part of
South America
Hunter/Gatherer societies evolve into agricultural societies
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Chavin Migration into South America
c. 12000 BCE
Climate improves c. 8000BCE
Largely independent fromMesoamerica
Highly individualized due togeography
New religion in central Andes,900-300 BCE
South America, contemporary
Peru Little known about
particulars of religion
Intricate stone carvings