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Chapter 2
Biological and Environmental Foundations
Genetic Foundations• Chromosomes – store
and transmit genetic information.
• Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
• DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made.
DNA’s Ladderlike Structure
Meiosis
Twins
Fraternal/Dizogotic• Two zygotes, or fertilized ova
Identical/Monozygotic
• One zygote that divides into two individuals
Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
X-Linked Inheritance
Genetic Imprinting and Mutation
Imprinting
• Chemical marker that activates either father’s or mother’s gene.
• Often temporary.
Mutation
• Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Down Syndrome- – results from
problems with the 21st chromosome.
• Sex chromosome Abnormalities- – problems with the X
or Y chromosomes.
Chromosomal Abnormalities --Down Syndrome
Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
• Amniocentesis 羊水诊断• Chorionic villus sampling
绒毛标本检查
• Fetoscopy 用胎儿镜观察胎儿• Ultrasound B超• Maternal Blood Analysis• Preimplantation
Fetal Medicine• Drugs delivered into u
terus• Surgery• Bone marrow transpl
ants 骨髓移植
• Genetic engineering and gene therapy
Reproductive Technologies
• Donor Insemination
• In Vitro Fertilization
• Surrogate Mother• 代孕母亲
• New Technologies
Adoption and Adjustment
Environmental Contexts
for Development
• Family• Socioeconomic
Status• Neighborhoods• Towns and Cities• Cultural Context
Family Influences on Development
• Direct– Two-person
relationships
• Indirect– Third Parties
• Adapting to Change– Changes from within
and outside the family
Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning• Timing of Family Life
Cycle• Values and Expectations• Father’s Involvement• Communication and
Discipline Styles• Children’s Cognitive
Development
Individualist and Collectivist Societies
Individualist
• People think of themselves as separate from other people.
• Concerned with personal goals.
Collectivist
• People define themselves as part of a group.
• Concerned with group goals over individual goals.
How Much Does Heredity
Contribute to Behavior?Heritability
Estimates
• Portion of individual differences attributable to genetics.
• Ranges from 0 to 1.00.
Concordance
• What percent of the time do twins both show a trait?
• Ranges from 0 to 100%.
Reaction Range
Genetic-Environment Correlation
• Passive Correlation
• Evocative Correlation
• Active Correlation– Niche-picking
Contributions of Environment and Genetics
The Epigenetic 渐成的 Framework