Chapter 28th grade

Lesson 1: Growth of Trade

• Searching of New Trade Routes

• Exploring the World

• The Columbian Exchange

Searching for New Trade Routes

• In the 1400s Europeans were competing to try and find a new route to the Indies (Southeast Asia)

• The Indies had spices that were used for medicine and to keep food from going bad

• Technology-scientific knowledge for practical purposes

• Carrack- large ships for supplies

• Caravel- small ships

• Compass, astrolabe, quadrant= navigational technology

Exploring the New World

• Queen Isabella from Spain finances Italian Christopher Columbus exploration of a new route to the Indies

• Why? -to promote Christianity and possible riches

Columbus Explores the Caribbean

• October 12, 1492- Columbus lands in the Caribbean

• He makes 3 more trips: 1493, 1498, 1502

• He returns to Spain as a hero

Exploring the Americas

• 1502- Amerigo Vespucci sailed along the South American coast for Spain

• He concluded that South America was a separate continent and not a part of Asia. People started calling the new continent “America”

• 1513- Vasco de Balboa (Spain) discovered the Pacific Ocean

• 1520- Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) reached the southern tip of South America.

• he sailed through a straight= a narrow sea passage

• his crew circumnavigated=sailed around the world

Columbian Exchange

• New settlements in the Americas led to an exchange of people, plants, animals, germs known as the Columbian Exchange

Lesson 2: Spain in America

• European Explorers and Conquerors

• Spain in Florida

• Exploring the Southwest

• Conquistadors-Spanish explorers

• Aztecs- Mexico and Central America

• Inca- South America

• 1519- Hernan Cortes- landed in Mexico conquered the Aztecs and found a lot of gold

• 1531- Francisco Pizarro- landed in Peru conquered the Incas

Why Spain Won

• Weapons and animals

• Native help from rival tribes

• Diseases- native populations had no immunity

Spain in Florida

• April 2, 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon (Spain) came to Florida and named it that because of its flowers. King Ferdinand appointed him governor of Florida.

• In 1521 he returned to Florida but the Calusa Indians attacked and killed de Leon

• 1528 Panfilo de Narvaez (Spain) landed in Tampa Bay but the Apalachee Indians forced them out

• France started to explore Florida, if they could control it they could capture Spanish ships leaving the Caribbean

• 1562 Jean Ribault explored Jacksonville and claimed Florida for France. They built a fort called Fort Caroline

• The new king of Spain, Felipe II, believed that Florida was for Spain back when Ponce de Leon settled there. He set up a governor and ordered a fort built to drive out the French

• On September 8, 1865 the governor founded St. Augustine which would be the first permanent European settlement in the US

• Ribault planned to attack the Spanish in St. Augustine but a hurricane came and destroyed most of their ships

• The Spanish then took Fort Caroline

• Florida stayed in Spanish control and reached all the way up to South Caroline

• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca was part of the Tampa Bay explorers with Panfilo de Narvaez

• After fleeing from the Apalachee the survivors landed near Texas

• They went through Texas back to Mexico in 1536. There he told stories about the seven cities of gold

• Hernando de Soto heard these stories and explored the southeastern US.

• In 1541, de Soto crossed the Mississippi River

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was searching for the seven cities too. He traveled to Arizona and New Mexico and Kansas, they did not find gold

• Pueblos-towns, centers of trade

• Missions-religious communities

• Presidio-fort near a mission

• Peninsulares-people born in Spain (Spain is in a peninsula)

• Creoles-born in Americas to Spanish parents

• Mestizon-people born to Spanish and Native American parents

• Native Americans

• Enslaved people

• Spanish priest, Bartome de Las Casas, asked for laws to protect the natives from cruelty. In 1542 Spain passed laws that made it illegal to enslave natives

Competing for Colonies Lesson 3

• Religious Rivalries

• French and Dutch Settlements

Religious Rivalries

• The Roman Catholics church was the main church in Columbus’ time but that began to change

• 1517 Martin Luther- a priest had a lot of complaints about the church, the pope at the time rejected his ideas and Luther began a movement called the Reformation to change the teachings of the Catholic Church

• Protestantism became a new form of Christianity

• It spread and led to a rivalry between Catholics and new Protestant

Religious Rivalry in Europe

• 1533 King Henry VIII of England left the Church because he was not given the divorce that he wanted

• He made his own church and made everyone in England go there even Catholics

• This angered Spain

• In 1585 King Philip of Spain made plants to invade England to stop Protestantism

• In May 1588, he send an armada-a war fleet of ship

• Spain had the strongest navy but they lost to England thanks to a storm

• Spain lost its power and control of the seas and England began to look to explore

Religious Rivalries in the Americas

• Spain (Catholic) settled in the southwest and southeastern parts of North America

• France (Catholic) settled in the northeast

• Dutch (Netherlands) and English (Protestant) settled the Atlantic

Search for a Northwest Passage

• Explorers mapped North America and they hoped to find a northwest passage- a sea passage between Atlantic and Pacific ocean

• John Cabot- England- in 1497 landed in Newfoundland, Canada

• Giovanni di Verrazano- France- in 1524 explored the east coast of the US

• Jacquest Cartier- France 1533- sailed up the St. Lawrence River, Montreal

• Henry Hudson-Dutch- 1609- New York

French and Dutch Settlements

• France went inland into the US to find furs

• It was a good business and they later built forts to protect their trade

• 1663 New France became a royal colony

Exploring the Mississippi River

• 1670s- Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette traveled the Mississippi River

• 1682 Robert La Salle followed them and went all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claimed the region for France, called it Louisiana after King Louis XIV and founded New Orleands

New France and New Netherlands

• The French along the St. Lawrence River brought in tenant farmers- settlers who paid the landowner an annual rent and worked for him for a part of the year

• Netherlands needed resources, their country is very small. In 1621 they created the Dutch West India Company to trade in the Americas. In 1623 the company took over the colony in America and called it “New Netherland”

• The capital was called “New Amsterdam” now NYC.

• 1626 Peter Minuit bought the island from natives for $24 worth of goods