Chapter 2

HAWKES LEARNING SYSTEMS

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Chapter 2

Technology






Example T.1: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Histogram

Use a TI 83/84 Plus calculator to recreate the histogram ‑of our 3-D TV prices. The prices are reprinted below for your convenience.

3-D TV Prices (in Dollars) 1595

1699

1799

1899

1599

1699

1885

1984

1685

1757

1888

1999

1699

1787

1899

1999

1699

1799

1899

1999






Example T.1: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Histogram (cont.)

SolutionEnter your data into the list editor by pressing and then choosing 1:Edit. Once your data have been entered, press and then press to bring up the STAT PLOTS menu. Press . Set the menu so that the graph will be a histogram. Press . Your screen should look like the screenshot in the margin. If it does not appear that way at first, pressing and then choosing option 9:ZoomStat should correct the problem.






Example T.2: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Line Graph

Use a TI 83/84 Plus calculator to recreate the line graph ‑of CPI values from Section 2.2. The data are reproduced below. Consumer Price Index

Year CPI1920193019401950196019701980199020002010

20.016.714.024.129.638.882.4

130.7172.2218.1

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Consumer Price Index History Table.” 19 Jan. 2012. ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt (24 Jan. 2012).






Example T.2: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Line Graph (cont.)

SolutionPress , choose 1:Edit, and enter the years in L1 and the CPI values in L2. You should have the screen like the screenshot below.






Example T.2: Using a TI-83/84 Plus Calculator to Create a Line Graph (cont.)

Now set up the STAT PLOTS menu to produce a line graph by selecting the second graph type in the menu. Press . If you do not see a line graph at first, press and choose option 9:ZoomStat. You should then see the line graph shown like the screenshot below.






Example T.3: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Pie Chart

Use Microsoft Excel to recreate the pie chart of the housing data from Section 2.2. The data are reproduced below.

Types of HousingType of Housing Number of Students

ApartmentDormHouse

Sorority/Fraternity House

201595






Example T.3: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Pie Chart (cont.)

SolutionBegin by entering the types of housing in cells A1 through A4. Then enter the numbers of students in cells B1 through B4. Your Excel worksheet should look like the one below.






Example T.3: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Pie Chart (cont.)

Now click on the Insert tab in the tool bar. Click on the Pie Chart button and choose the first 2-D pie chart option. The pie chart is then displayed within the worksheet. By clicking on the Layout tab under Chart Tools, you can add a title to the chart, change the legend, or add data labels to the chart using the various options provided.






Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram

Let’s recreate the histogram of 3-D TV prices using Microsoft Excel. The data are reprinted below.

3-D TV Prices (in Dollars) 1595

1699

1799

1899

1599

1699

1885

1984

1685

1757

1888

1999

1699

1787

1899

1999

1699

1799

1899

1999






Example T.4: Using Microsoft Excel to Create a Histogram (cont.)

SolutionBegin by entering the data in column A in Excel. Next, enter the upper boundaries of the classes you want to use in Column B. Otherwise, the class boundaries will be chosen for you and may not be the best choice. Once your data are entered, go to the Data tab, then Data Analysis. Choose Histogram from the menu and click OK. The Input Range is where your data are located. The Bin Range is where your upper class boundaries have been entered.







Click on Labels if the first cells in yourinput range and bin range are data labels.Next, click on Chart Output to create a histogram instead of just a frequency distribution. Finally, click OK to generate the output.







When your histogram has been created, you will notice that the bars do not touch. To correct this error, click on one of the bars in the histogram.







Click on the Layout tab under Chart Tools. Click on the Format Selection button on the far left. The first option is Series Options. Move the Gap Width slider to No Gap and click on Close. You will also notice that the class boundaries are appearing on the x-axis where the midpoints should be, and there is a “More” category on the graph. To correct these errors, go to the Excel worksheet where the histogram’s frequency distribution is located. Change the bins to be the midpoints and delete the “More” entry from the spreadsheet.







Once these adjustments are made, the graph will be a histogram like the one shown in the following screenshot.

Notice that this histogram does not look like the one you saw earlier in the chapter.







In order to change the histogram you just created to look like the one shown at the end of this example, several additional steps have to be taken to tweak the options of the chart. You must: • Delete the whole row of the spreadsheet that

contained the “More” category. • Change the size, title, and axis labels. • Turn off the legend. • Format the Plot Area to have a gray background and darker gray border.







• Format the Data Series to add the solid line border around the bars.







By using the Microsoft online help for Excel or taking a class on Excel, you can explore all of the various options that can be used to customize your charts and graphs to change their appearance in countless ways






Example T.5: Using MINITAB to Create a Histogram

Create a histogram in MINITAB using the data set containing the heart rates of 50 students, given below.

77 84 79 80 67 84 82 84 69 8194 68 65 86 78 79 83 83 84 8293 80 81 80 62 98 77 93 82 8082 73 77 79 81 70 72 85 84 8083 77 80 70 75 74 85 87 79 88






Example T.5: Using MINITAB to Create a Histogram (cont.)

SolutionBegin by entering the data in column 1, C1, in MINITAB. Once your data are entered, go to the Graph menu and choose Histogram. Select Simple from the types of histograms and click OK. When the Histogram - Simple menu appears, select C1 as the Graph variables. Then click OK to generate the graph. To change the way the classes are displayed in the histogram, double-click on one of the numbers shown on the x-axis of the histogram.







Select the Binning tab on the Edit Scale menu. If you want the histogram to only mark the midpoints of the classes, choose Midpoint for the Interval Type, select Midpoint/Cutpoint positions under Interval Definition, and enter the midpoints, 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98, in the box. To display the class boundaries as shown in the histogram in the following screenshot, first choose Cutpoint for the Interval Type, select Midpoint/Cutpoint positions under Interval Definition, and enter the class boundaries, 60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 80.5 85.5 90.5 95.5 100.5, in the box.







Then select the Scale tab on the Edit Scale menu, choose Position of ticks under Major Tick Positions, and enter the class boundaries, 60.5 65.5 70.5 75.5 80.5 85.5 90.5 95.5 100.5, in the box. Then click OK to see the updated histogram. You can change the title, change the axis labels, and add color by double-clicking on the various parts of the graph shown in the following screenshot.












Example T.6: Using MINITAB to Create a Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Using the data from Example T.5, create a stem-and-leaf plot in MINITAB. SolutionBegin by entering the data in column 1, C1, in MINITAB. Next, choose Graph and select Stem and-Leaf‑ . Select C1 for the Graph variables and enter 10 for the Increment. Click OK to display the following stem-and-leaf plot.






Example T.6: Using MINITAB to Create a Stem-and-Leaf Plot (cont.)






Example T.7: Using MINITAB to Create a Dot Plot

Using the data from Example T.5, create a dot plot in MINITAB. SolutionBegin by entering the data in column 1, C1, in MINITAB. Next, choose Graph and select Dotplot. Select Simple from the types of dot plots under One Y and click OK. Select C1 for the Graph variables and click OK to display the following dot plot. You can change the title, change the x-axis label, and add color by double-clicking on the various parts of the graph.






Example T.7: Using MINITAB to Create a Dot Plot (cont.)

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Chapter 2