3
Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook 1 April 06, 2016 Feb 58:59 AM Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Section 1 Bacteria Key Concepts How do the two groups of prokaryotes differ? What factors are used to identify prokaryotes? What is the importance of bacteria? Bacteria Prokaryotes lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Microscopic Range in size from 15 micrometer 1 meter stick is cut into a million pieces for 1 micrometer or 10,000 pieces for a centimeter Largest bacteria is 500 micrometer long Kingdom Only one kingdom Monera until recently now 2 Eubacteria Larger Kingdom Live everywhere Cell Wall contain Peptidogylcan a carb Cell Membrane Archaebacteria Chemically different from Eubacteria Cell Wall but lack Peptidogylcan Different Cell Membrane Lipids Live everywhere even harsh conditions extreme heat, gas, salt water, fresh water, thick mud, Identifying Prokaryotes shape, chemical nature of their cell walls, their movement, how they obtain energy Shape Bacilli Bacilli plural Bacillus singular Rod Shaped Cocci Cocci plural Coccus singular Spherical Shaped Spirilla Spirilla plural Spirillum singular Spiral Shaped Cell Wall two different types use a Gram stain to tell difference Peptidoglycans in cell wall hold stain Grampositive Stain is washed out due to thin Peptidoglycan layer Gramnegative Grampositive Gramnegative Rodshaped Rod Shaped Violet stained cocci Grampositive Unstained Pink/Red Gramnegative Movement Identified by whether they move and how they move Flagella Multiple directions snake, or spiral forward Some move across a layer of slime they secrete Obtain Energy Most are heterotrophs: Chemoheterotrophs / Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs are unable to synthesize their own organic molecules. Instead, these organisms must ingest carbon molecules, such as carbohydrates and lipids, synthesized by other organisms. They do, however, still obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules. Chemoheterotrophs are only able to thrive in environments that are capable of sustaining other forms of life due to their dependence on these organisms for carbon sources. Photoheterotrophs Use sunlight for energy Must take in organic compounds as a carbon source. Can not use CO2 as their only carbon source. Autotrophs Chemoautotrophs Make organic molecules from CO2. Do not require light as a source of energy because they use chemical rxns. Photoautotrophs Use sunlight to convert CO2and H2O to carbon compound and O2. Releasing Energy All bacteria need energy. How they get energy depends on the bacteria. Some need oxygen and some do not. Some it doesn't matter. It does this through cellular respiration and fermentation. Which way requires oxygen to make energy? And which way does not? Obligate aerobes obligate = required require oxygen Obligate anaerobes do not require oxygen and may be killed by it Facultative anaerobes does not matter, will do cellular respiration if oxygen and will do fermentation without oxygen Growth and Reproduction Conditions need to favorable for bacteria to grow and reproduce. Even though bacteria can develop in a variety of conditions from the Arctic to hot springs, its optimal growth is between 40o to 140o. Look on page 475 for examples. Binary Fission Asexual Bacteria grow until it doubles in size then divides Forms 2 identical daughter cells no exchange of DNA Conjugation Bridge forms between to cells and an exchange of DNA occurs Increases genetic diversity in populations Does not increase population of bacteria Why is this not considered a type of sexual reproduction? Spore Formation If conditions are not right, many bacteria will form a spore that protects the bacteria. One method of survival. Endospore thick wall that surrounds and protects Why are bacteria important? Decomposers break down dead matter and recycle nutrients to soil, water and air break down sewage so we can recycle the water, nitrogen and CO2 Nitrogen Fixers Nitrogen Fixation converting nitrogen gas into ammonia or other nitrogen compounds humans need nitrogen to make proteins, but we can not get it from the air but we get it by eating plants and animals that have eaten plants Human Uses of Bacteria oil spills remove waste products and poisons from water synthesize drugs and chemicals through genetic engineering food medical uses vitamins http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate?language=en

Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebookChapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook 1 April 06, 2016 Feb 58:59 AM Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Section 1 Bacteria Key Concepts

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    9

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebookChapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook 1 April 06, 2016 Feb 58:59 AM Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Section 1 Bacteria Key Concepts

Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook

1

April 06, 2016

Feb 5­8:59 AM

Chapter 19  Bacteria and Viruses

Section 1 Bacteria

Key ConceptsHow do the two groups of prokaryotes differ?What factors are used to identify prokaryotes?What is the importance of bacteria?

BacteriaProkaryotes ­ lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organellesMicroscopicRange in size from 1­5 micrometer

1 meter stick is cut into a million pieces for 1 micrometeror 10,000 pieces for a centimeter

Largest bacteria is 500 micrometer long

Kingdom Only one kingdom ­ Monera ­ until recently now 2

EubacteriaLarger KingdomLive everywhereCell Wall contain Peptidogylcan ­ a carbCell Membrane

ArchaebacteriaChemically different from EubacteriaCell Wall but lack PeptidogylcanDifferent Cell Membrane LipidsLive everywhere even harsh conditions

extreme heat, gas, salt water, fresh water, thick mud,

Identifying Prokaryotesshape, chemical nature of their cell walls, their movement, how 

they obtain energy

ShapeBacilli

Bacilli ­ pluralBacillus ­ singularRod Shaped

CocciCocci ­ pluralCoccus ­ singularSpherical Shaped

SpirillaSpirilla ­ pluralSpirillum­ singularSpiral Shaped

Cell Walltwo different types ­ use a Gram stain to tell differencePeptidoglycans in cell wall hold stain­  Gram­positive Stain is washed out due to thin Peptidoglycan layer­ Gram­negative

Gram­positive  Gram­negativeRod­shaped  Rod Shaped Violet stained cocci ­ Gram­positive Unstained Pink/Red­ Gram­negative

  

MovementIdentified by whether they move and how they moveFlagellaMultiple directions ­ snake, or spiral forwardSome move across a layer of slime they secrete

Obtain EnergyMost are heterotrophs: Chemoheterotrophs / Photoheterotrophs

ChemoheterotrophsChemoheterotrophs are unable to synthesize their own organic molecules. Instead, these organisms must ingest carbon molecules, such as carbohydrates and lipids, synthesized by other organisms. They do, however, still obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic molecules. Chemoheterotrophs are only able to thrive in environments that are capable of sustaining other forms of life due to their dependence on these organisms for carbon sources.

PhotoheterotrophsUse sunlight for energyMust take in organic compounds as a carbon source.Can not use CO2 as their only carbon source.

AutotrophsChemoautotrophs

Make organic molecules from CO2.Do not require light as a source of energy because they

use chemical rxns.Photoautotrophs

Use sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to carbon compound and O2.

Releasing EnergyAll bacteria need energy. How they get energy depends on the bacteria. Some need oxygen and some do not. Some it doesn't matter. It does this through cellular respiration and fermentation.

Which way requires oxygen to make energy? And which waydoes not?

Obligate aerobesobligate = requiredrequire oxygen

Obligate anaerobesdo not require oxygen and may be killed by it

Facultative anaerobesdoes not matter, will do cellular respiration if oxygen andwill do fermentation without oxygen

Growth and ReproductionConditions need to favorable for bacteria to grow and reproduce. Even though bacteria can develop in a variety ofconditions from the Arctic to hot springs, its optimal growth is between 40o to 140o.

Look on page 475 for examples.Binary Fission

AsexualBacteria grow until it doubles in size then dividesForms 2 identical daughter cells ­ no exchange of DNA

ConjugationBridge forms between to cells and an exchange of DNA 

occursIncreases genetic diversity in populationsDoes not increase population of bacteria

Why is this not considered a type of sexual reproduction?

Spore FormationIf conditions are not right, many bacteria will form a spore

that protects the bacteria. One method of survival.Endospore ­ thick wall that surrounds and protects

Why are bacteria important?Decomposers

break down dead matter and recycle nutrients to soil, water and airbreak down sewage so we can recycle the water, nitrogen

and CO2

Nitrogen FixersNitrogen Fixation

converting nitrogen gas into ammonia or other nitrogencompounds

humans need nitrogen to make proteins, but we can not get it from the air but we get it by eating plants and 

animals that have eaten plants

Human Uses of Bacteriaoil spillsremove waste products and poisons from water synthesize drugs and chemicals through genetic engineeringfoodmedical usesvitamins

http://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate?language=en

Page 2: Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebookChapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook 1 April 06, 2016 Feb 58:59 AM Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Section 1 Bacteria Key Concepts

Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook

2

April 06, 2016

Feb 19­10:53 AM

Section 2  Viruses

Key ConceptsWhat is the structure of a virus?How do viruses cause infection?

Look at Figure 19­9. Page 479Virus Structures

Look for Differences/Similarities in the different viruses.

Differences Similarities

What is a Virus?Virus = poisonNon­livingNot made of cellsComposed of DNA or RNA ­ cells only have DNAProtein Coat surrounds genetic material = CapsidMany Shapes and Sizes

Reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells1. Surface Proteins bind with receptors on cells and trick    the cell into letting the virus inside. Virus cells are     specific to the cells they infect. Plant viruses infect plant    cells and animal viruses infect animal cells. 

    Bacteriophages ­ infect bacteria cells

2. Once inside the cell the virus genetic material takes over    and the cell begins to replicate the virus genetic material.3. Host cell may or may not be destroyed right away. 

Once inside two processes may occur ­ Viral Infection

Lytic InfectionOverview

Virus enters cell, causes cell to make copies of its genetic material and proteins, then the cell is destroyed

Steps1. First, the bacteriophage attaches to the bacterium's     protein coat.2. The bacteriophage then injects its DNA into the     bacterium.3. The bacteriophage takes over the bacterium's metabolism    causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and     nucleic acids.4. Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into     complete bacteriophage.5. Bacteriophage enzyme lyses the bacterium's cell wall,    which releases new bacteriophage that attack other cells. 

Lysogenic Infection ­ page 481Virus enters cell, DNA incorporates itself into the DNA of

the host cell (Prophage), then the new DNA is replicated, the host cell is not destroyed immediately

Virus will lay dormant until a trigger stimulates prophage to remove itself and begin synthesis of the DNA and start the lytic cycle. 

RetrovirusesContain RNAInfect and produce a copy of the DNA which is then inserted

into the cells DNA

Retrovirusescontain RNA for their genetic informationwhen it enters cell, they produce a DNA copy of their RNA which

acts as a prophage, after a signal is give to produce the DNA the host cell is destroyed

responsible for some cancer cells

Viruses and Living Cellsviruses can be a parasitemust infect a living cell to grow and reproduceviruses smaller than the smallest cell

Look at Figure 19­11Compare Viruses and Cells

http://www.wimp.com/virusinvades/

Page 3: Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebookChapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook 1 April 06, 2016 Feb 58:59 AM Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Section 1 Bacteria Key Concepts

Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses Notes.notebook

3

April 06, 2016

Mar 2­11:32 AM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMrFV2rnHlo