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Chapter 18
The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie
1830-1871
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The Working Class
New class left behindby industrialization
Also known asproletariat
Expressed theirfrustrations throughpolitical uprisings andsocial movements
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Realism
New cultural stylethat reflected
changing political andsocial conditions
Realism focused onordinary people and
attempted to depictthe heroism ofeveryday life.
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The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
The rebellions were propelled by liberal ideasand nationalistic goals
Causes of revolutions Declining production
Rising unemployment
Falling agricultural prices
The revolutions took place in Paris, Berlin, and Viennaas the middle class and working class toppled kingsand ministers.
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Realpolitik
Realpolitik or powerpolitics governed
most European statesfrom 1850-1871.
Bismarck, the primeminister of Prussia,
was a major force inRealpolitik..
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Great Britain
Reform Bill of 1832extended voting rights tomiddle class male
workers Reform Bill of 1867
extended right to vote toworking class
During the reign ofQueen Victoria (1837-1901), Great Britain atpeak of economic power.
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Civil War in the U.S.
Economic issues divided thenorthern and southern states
The question of slavery. In1861 the southern states
seceded from the union,provoking a civil war
The Civil War lasted four yearsand resulted in huge losses
Northern victory in 1865under President Lincoln
Relations between north andsouth continued to be strainedin period of Reconstruction(1865-1876)
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Industrialism
After its beginnings inEngland, industrialismtook place in France and
Belgium.
Great Britain passed intothe second phase of theIndustrial Revolution
By 1850, all the majorcities in Great Britainwere linked by rail.
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The Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palacehoused the GreatExhibition of 1851 in
London. In a structure that used
advanced methods andbuilding materials, thenewest inventions and
machine-made goodswere displayed for thepublic.
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The Suez Canal
Opened in 1869
Linked the Gulf of Suezand the Red Sea with theMediterranean Sea.
Shortened the distancebetween Europe andIndia, thus enabling
steamships to ferry goodsand passengers aroundthe world more quickly
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Utilitarianism
Major philosophical viewof the century
Started by Jeremy
Bentham Utility for society was
always identified with thegreatest happiness forthe greatest number.
Reinterpreted by JohnStuart Mill, who startedout as a follower ofUtilitarianism, but laterchanged his views.
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Socialism
Two groups spoke for socialism:the utopian socialists and theMarxists.
Utopians believed that the ills ofindustrial society could beovercome through cooperationbetween workers and capitalists.
Marxists called for revolution,violence and triumph of socialism.
Marx and Engels wrote theCommunist Manifesto, the bible ofsocialism. Forecast a classlesssociety and a workers revolution.
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Religion and Science
Major conflict of thecentury
Higher criticism
movement began inGermany
Scholars began to try tolocate sources of each
book of the Bible. The Bible no longer looked
at as divine revelation.
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Geology
Geologists discredited thebiblical story of creation
Biologists questioneddivine origin of humanbeings
Charles Lyells fossilresearch showed that the
earth was much olderthan Christians claimed.
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Evolution
Darwins Origin of Speciespublished in 1859.
Showed that over the courseof time, modern plants and
animals had evolved fromsimpler forms through aprocess of natural selection
DarwinsA Descent of Manpublished in 1871.
Applied his findings to human
beings, portraying them as theoutcome of millions of years ofevolution.
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Other Scientific Advances
Louis Pasteur proved thegerm theory of disease
John Dalton inventedatomic theory
Mendeleev worked outtable of elements
In the 1840s, chemistsintroduced nitrous oxideand chloroform.
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Realism in Literature
Focused on everyday lives of middle andlower class people
Realists sought to convey what they sawaround them in a serious accurate andunsentimental way.
French Realism Balzacbegan realist movement in literature Gustav Flaubertleading French Realist.
Madame Bovary
English Realism Charles Dickens Elizabeth Gaskell George Eliot Russian Realism Tolstoy Dostoevsky African American Writers slave narratives Frederick Douglas Sojourner Truth
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Realism in Art
Courbet-hisprovocative canvases
outraged audiencesand made him theguiding spirit ofRealism.
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Courbet
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Courbet
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Daumier
Chronicled the life ofParis with a
dispassionate eye
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Daumier
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Daumier
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Daumier
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Millet
Painted thecountryside near
Barbizon, a villagesouth of Paris
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Millet
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Millet
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Millet
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Manet
Leader in a new styleof painting
Dispassionate art inwhich the subject andartist have nonecessary connection
Art for arts sake.
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Manet
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Manet
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Manet
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Manet
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Post-romantic Composers Wagner
Verdi
Rachmaninoff Wagner
Mahler
Strauss
Verdi
Dvorak Smetana
Grief
Sibelius
Music 1830-1871