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Chapter 18
Reproduction and Heredity
The Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands- glands that produce and release chemicals
• Hormones- chemical substances produced by endocrine glands.
The Pituitary Gland
small gland at the base of the brain
Controls growth rate, metabolism, and reproduction
Called the “master gland” because it regulates many other endocrine glands
Hypothalamus
Controls the pituitary gland
Regulates body temperature, use of water, and blood pressure
Oversees many of the hormone levels in the body
Adrenal Glands
Produce hormones that affect the functioning of your kidneys, your metabolism, and your response to stressful situations
Adrenaline – hormone important in the fight or flight response
Thyroid Gland
Releases a hormone that regulates metabolism
Releases a hormone that regulates the amount of calcium in the blood
Parathyroid Gland
4 tiny glands attached to the back of the thyroid that regulates levels of calcium and phosphorus.
Pancreas
Located behind the stomachPart of two systems –
digestive and endocrineIn the endocrine it controls
the level of sugar in the blood.
Improper function can cause: Diabetes—level of sugar too high or Hypoglycemia—level of sugar too low.
Thymus
Function not thoroughly understood.
Plays a role in developing some of the body’s defenses against infection.
Reproduction and the Endocrine System
• Ovaries – reproductive glands in females• Testes – reproductive glands in males
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)• Luteinizing hormone– Two hormones produced by the pituitary gland
that begin that process of sexual maturation in adolescents
Reproduction and the Endocrine System
• In males, testosterone and FSH control production of sperm, the male sex cells.
• Testosterone is also responsible for developing and maintaining other male traits such as deepening voice and body hair
• In females, two female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen are produced by the ovaries.
• They are responsible for developing other female traits such as breast development and widening of the hips
• In addition, progesterone and estrogen work with FSH and LH to produce ova or eggs.