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Causes 1. Unfair Class & Tax System (Last slide) 2. Economic Troubles What were the economic causes to the French Revolution? Deficit Spending: Wars: How to solve? A Poor Harvest Why a famine? Effects? Louis XVI of France - portrait by A.F. Callet ( )
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The French Revolution
Chapter 18
April 28, 1789- unrest exploded in Paris By July people were hungry, unemployed, and
poorly paid people of Paris had taken up arms
On the Eve of Revolution
Causes
1. Unfair Class & Tax System (Last slide)
2. Economic Troubles What were the
economic causes to the French Revolution? Deficit Spending: Wars: How to solve?
A Poor Harvest Why a famine? Effects?
Louis XVI of France - portrait by A.F. Callet (1741-1823) www.wikipedia.org
Causes Continued
3.The Enlightenment Paris was home to this philosophical movement
rooted in the questioning of the status quo How did the Enlightenment cause the
revolution? 4.The example of the American Revolution
How did the American Revolution cause the French Revolution?
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphiawww.wikipedia.org
France had an outdates social system (Ancien
Regime)
French Society
First Estate: Clergy
Second Estate: Nobility
Third Estate: Vast majority of population
First Estate: provided social services- nuns,
monks, and priests ran schools, hospitals and orphanages
Second Estate- hated absolutism Third Estate- most diverse social class
Bourgeoisie- middle class. Included prosperous bankers, merchants, as well as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors, peasants
Jobs of the social classes
Resented the privileges enjoyed by their social
“betters” First and Second Estate did not have to pay
taxes Why should people from the first two estates
have such great privileges at the expense of the majority?
Even the smallest rise in the bread prices (their main food) brought the threat of great hunger or even starvation
Third Estate
One of the causes of the economic troubles
was the financial crisis that was due in part to deficit spending
Louis XIV had left France deeply in debt- Seven Years War, American Revolution
To solve the problem- government would have to increase taxes, reduce expenses or both
Financial Troubles
Financial expert and advisor
to Louis XVI. Urged the king to reduce
extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish burdensome tariffs
Proposed taxing the First and Second Estate.
Jacques Necker
French kings did not call the Estates General
for 175 years France was on the verge of bankruptcy- 1788 Bread riots spread, nobles were denouncing
royal tyranny. Finally convened in May 1789. First and Second Estate outvoted the Third
Estate
Calling the Estates General
June 1789- Third Estate claimed to represent
the people of France, they declared themselves to be the National Assembly
Were afraid of the king Tennis Court Oath- swore “never to separate
and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution.”
National Assembly
July 14, 1789- city of Paris was seized Streets buzzed with rumors about the royal
troops occupying the capital 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille-
Prison Crowd was looking for weapons Commander of Bastille opened fire on 800 and
battle broke out Enraged people stormed into Bastille and did
not find weapons
Storming of the Bastille
Storming the Bastille
Bastille was a symbol to the people of France representing years of abuse by the monarchy
Section 2: The French
Revolution Unfolds
The people react
Section 2: Creating a New France Revolts in Paris and the Provinces
Why are we seeing revolts? The Great Fear
What caused it? Famine + Fear = Crazy Peasants
peasants go crazy over the nobles who were trying to reimpose medieval dues
Attacked homes of nobles Burned old manor records
Paris in Arms Revolutionary Center Factions (small groups) competed for power Marquis de Lafayette
Headed National Guard – middle class militia formed in response to the royal troops in Paris
Radical Paris Commune Replaced the royalists government of the city Could mobilize whole neighborhoods for protests or violent
Actions to further the Revolution
Political crisis in 1789- coincided with the
worst famine Grain prices soared People were unemployed Rumors about attacks lead people to be in fear Peasants unleash their fury on nobles
Political Crisis Leads to Revolt
Aristocratic hero of two worlds Fought alongside George Washington during
the American Revolution Was also the head of the National Guard-
middle class militia The National Guard was the first to wear red,
white, and blue
Marquis de Lafayette
Paris Commune replaced the royalist
government of the city Newspapers and political clubs made an
impact
Political Unrest
August 4- National Assembly voted to end
their own privileges. They agree to give up their old manorial dues, exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes
Feudalism is abolished Used Enlightenment as a goal- equality of all
male citizens before the law. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizens- modeled after the Declaration of Independence
National Assembly Acts
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen stats all men have the right to be born free and equal in rights
Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
Many women were upset by the Declaration because they did not have rights
National Assembly Acts
1791- Olympe de Gourges-
demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
Gourges was imprisoned and executed
October 5th- 6,000 women marched 13 miles from Paris to Versailles demanding “bread” and to see the king
Women and the Declaration
Daughter of Maria Theresa
and her brother was Joseph II Queen lived a life of great
pleasure and extravagance Was compassionate to the
poor
Marie Antoinette
Has a large bourgeois membership and
worked to draft a constitution and to solve the continuing financial crisis
To pay off the huge government debt: Assembly voted to take over and sell Church lands
National Assembly put the French Catholic Church under state control
Civil Constitution of the Clergy-1790- bishops and priests became elected and salaried
National Assembly Presses Onward
Constitution of 1791- set up a limited
monarchy in place of an absolute monarchy New legislative assembly had the power to
make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace
The constitution abolished the old provincial courts and reformed laws
Constitution put the power in the hands of men with means
National Assembly
European rulers increased border patrols to
stop the spread of the “French plague”- the revolution
Émigrés- nobles, clergy and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
Declaration of Pilnitz- Prussia and Britain threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy
France took threat seriously and prepared for war
Radicals Take Over
October 1791- Economic problems led to
renewed turmoil Currency dropped in value Caused prices to rise rapidly Uncertainty about prices led to hoarding and
caused additional food shortages
Economic Issues
Sans-Culottes- working class men and women-
pushed the revolution into more radical actions
Demanded a republic or government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarch
Jacobins- mostly middle-class lawyers or intellectuals- supported sans-culottes
Sans-Culottes
Legislative Assembly declared war first on
Austria, then on Prussia, then on Britain and other states
Fighting lasted from 1792-1815
War
Section 3: Radical Days of the Revolution
1793- France experienced one of the bloodiest
regimes in its long history August 10, 1792- Parisians stormed the royal
palace and slaughtered the kings guards Citizens attacked prisons that held nobles and
priests accused of political offenses Radicals took control of the Assembly Called for the election of a new legislative
body- the National Convention
Monarchy is Abolished
National Assembly allowed suffrage- the right
to vote- extended to all male citizens September 1792- more radical body- voted to
abolish the monarchy and establish a republic Seized lands of nobles and abolished titles of
nobility Convention put Louis XVI on trial as a traitor to
France and he was beheaded Marie Antoinette was also executed
National Assembly
1793- France was at war with much of Europe
including Britain, the Netherlands, Spain and Prussia.
Sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and inflation
Committee of Public Safety- 12 members- had almost absolute power as it battled to save the revolution
French recruits marched off to defend the republic
Terror and Danger Grip France
Government battled counterrevolutionaries-
Maximilien Robespierre- lawyer and politician- rose to leadership of the Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre- embraced Rousseau’s ideas- promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery
Robespierre led the Reign of Terror: lasted from September 1793-July 1794.
300,000 were arrested and 17,000 were executed
July 27, 1794- Robespierre was arrested and killed
Terror and Danger Grip France
Moderates set up another constitution New constitution set up a five man Directory
and a two-house legislature elected by male citizens with property
Directory held power from1795-1799 Peace was made with Prussia and Spain, but
war with Austria and Great Britain continued
The Revolution Enters Its Third Stage
Chaos is rampant in France French look for stability Napoleon Bonaparte- a popular military hero
who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy
Politicians planned to use him to advance their own goals.
Chaos
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Early Military Career What was his reputation?
Napoleon’s Coup de e’tat Helped overthrow the
directory and set-up three man board “the consulate”
Napoleon took title first consul 1802 – named himself consul
for life 1804 – had enough power to
name himself emperor
Revolution Brings
Change 1799- Dislodged the old social order,
overthrown the monarchy, and brought the Church under the state control
“Citizen” applied to all social classes Revolution and war gave the French people a
strong sense of national identity Nationalism- a strong feeling of pride in and
devotion to one’s country
Napoleon’s Reforms Napoleonic Code
Equality of all citizens before the law Religious toleration Advancement based on merit – what group
wanted this most of all? Economic Reforms
What did Napoleon reform? Social Reforms
Public Schools: Encouraged émigrés to return provided they
took an oath of loyalty Land Reform: Women:
Napoleonic Wars 1804-1814
The Grand Empire Strongest power in Europe Claimed or defeated most of
Europe Forceful diplomacy Would take kings and queens of
European countries off their thrones and replace them with family and friends
1805-1807: Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated Austrian, Prussian, Russian Armies
1807-1812: Napoleon Master of European Empire
Spread of French Revolution principles to conquered territories that will be an important factor in the development of liberalism in these countries.
Napoleon's Empire at its greatest extent.
Dark Blue-French EmpireMedium Blue-Conquered "Rebellious" StatesLight Blue-Allied States
www.wikipedia.org Posted by user Kieran4
Continental System: Economic Warfare
Napoleon wanted to take over Great Britain – issue to overcome?
1805 Napoleon prepared to invade Britain Napoleon defeated at Battle of Trafalgar off
the southwest of Spain Napoleon Tries to Weaken Britain Through
Economic Warfare: the Continental System Explain how the system worked? Why does it fail?
Still France was at an age Napoleon
Invasion of Russia
Why did Napoleon Invade Russia? How did the Russians choose to deal with
Napoleon? Was it successful? Only 100,000 survived many died and others
deserted – What defeated the Grand Army?
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19th centurywww.wikipedia.com
Napoleon’s First Defeat
Russia allies with Austria and Prussia against a weakened France
1813 they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig
1814 European troops approach France and Napoleon abdicates
Napoleon is exiled to Elba in the Mediterranean Louis XVIII, brother of the late king is restored to the French
throne
Napoleon and Poniatowski at Leipzig, painted by Suchodolski 1797–1875www.wikipedia.org
The Final Defeat
Battle of Waterloo June 18th, 1815 French Army met English and Prussian forces Duke of Wellington and General Blucher met at Belgian town of
Waterloo Battle crushed the French Army Again Napoleon exiled this time to St. Helena where he
would eventually die in 1821 What is his legacy?
Battle of Waterloo, painted by William Sadler (1782–1839)www.wikipedia.org
Congress of Vienna
September 1814-June 1815
Called by Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria to restore the “Status Quo” in Europe
Representatives: They had to try to restore the balance of power
How did they do that? Other Decisions
Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain create the Quadruple alliance Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power to
suppress revolutionary uprisings German confederation created (39 states) with Austria as its
official head. Switzerland becomes independent Nationalism increases throughout Europe
– WHY????The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, (1819). www.wikipedia.org
Revolution Outside France
1791 – French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted Toussaint L’Ouverture – son of
African slaves led the revolt of over 100,000 men
Later Napoleon captured Toussaint and he died in French prison
January 1804 western Hispaniola became first independent nation of Latin America
1793 France went to war with Britain, Netherlands, Spain and Prussia
Toussaint Louverture. From a group of engravings done in post-Revolutionary France. (1802) www.wikipedia.org
Effects of the French Revolution
Bourgeoisie grow in influence Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Latin American Wars of Independence Congress of Vienna & the Concert of Europe Spread of Modern European Nationalism Spread of Revolutionary & Enlightenment Ideas
What do you think we are going to see next?