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Chapter 18 . The Cardiovascular System: The Heart: Part A. Heart Anatomy. Approximately the size of a fist Location In the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space On the superior surface of diaphragm Two-thirds to the left of the midsternal line - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CHAPTER 18
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart:
Part A
HEART ANATOMY Approximately the size of a fist Location
In the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space
On the superior surface of diaphragmTwo-thirds to the left of the midsternal lineAnterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum Enclosed in pericardium, a double-walled
sacPLAY Animation: Rotatable heart
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1a
Point ofmaximalintensity(PMI)
Diaphragm
(a)
Sternum2nd ribMidsternal line
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1c
(c)
Superiorvena cava
Left lung
AortaParietalpleura (cut)
Pericardium(cut)
Pulmonarytrunk
DiaphragmApex ofheart
PERICARDIUMSuperficial fibrous pericardium
Protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling
PERICARDIUM Deep two-layered serous pericardium
Parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of the heart
Separated by fluid-filled pericardial cavity (decreases friction)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.2
Fibrous pericardiumParietal layer ofserous pericardiumPericardial cavityEpicardium(visceral layerof serouspericardium)MyocardiumEndocardium
Pulmonarytrunk
Heart chamber
Heartwall
PericardiumMyocardium
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL1. Epicardium—visceral layer of the serous
pericardium
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL2. Myocardium
Spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells Fibrous skeleton of the heart:
crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue
Anchors cardiac muscle fibers Supports great vessels and valves Limits spread of action potentials
to specific paths
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL3. Endocardium is continuous with
endothelial lining of blood vessels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.2
Fibrous pericardiumParietal layer ofserous pericardiumPericardial cavityEpicardium(visceral layerof serouspericardium)MyocardiumEndocardium
Pulmonarytrunk
Heart chamber
Heartwall
PericardiumMyocardium
CHAMBERS Four chambers
Two atriaSeparated internally by the interatrial septum
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles
Auricles increase atrial volume
CHAMBERS Two ventricles
Separated by the interventricular septum
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci mark the position of the septum externally
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4b
(b) Anterior view
Brachiocephalic trunk
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonaryarteryAscending aortaPulmonary trunk
Right pulmonaryveins
Right atriumRight coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)Anterior cardiac veinRight ventricle
Right marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Left common carotidarteryLeft subclavian artery
Ligamentum arteriosumLeft pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary veins
Circumflex artery
Left coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac veinAnterior interventricularartery (in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)Apex
Aortic arch
Auricle ofleft atrium
ATRIA: THE RECEIVING CHAMBERS
Walls are ridged by pectinate muscles
Vessels entering right atriumSuperior vena cava Inferior vena cavaCoronary sinus
Vessels entering left atriumRight and left pulmonary veins
VENTRICLES: THE DISCHARGING CHAMBERS
Walls are ridged by trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles project into the ventricular cavities
Vessel leaving the right ventricle Pulmonary trunk
Vessel leaving the left ventricle Aorta
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4e
AortaLeft pulmonaryarteryLeft atriumLeft pulmonaryveins
Mitral (bicuspid)valve
Aortic valvePulmonary valveLeft ventricle
Papillary muscleInterventricularseptumEpicardiumMyocardiumEndocardium
(e) Frontal section
Superior vena cavaRight pulmonaryarteryPulmonary trunkRight atriumRight pulmonaryveinsFossa ovalisPectinate musclesTricuspid valveRight ventricle
Chordae tendineaeTrabeculae carneaeInferior vena cava
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
The heart is two side-by-side pumpsRight side is the pump for the
pulmonary circuitVessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Left side is the pump for the systemic circuitVessels that carry the blood to and from all body tissues
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.5
Oxygen-rich,CO2-poor bloodOxygen-poor,CO2-rich blood
Capillary bedsof lungs wheregas exchangeoccurs
Capillary beds of allbody tissues wheregas exchange occurs
Pulmonary veinsPulmonary arteries
PulmonaryCircuit
SystemicCircuit
Aorta and branches
Left atrium
HeartLeft ventricleRight atrium
Right ventricle
Venae cavae
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle
Right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk pulmonary arteries lungs
Lungs pulmonary veins left atriumLeft atrium bicuspid valve left ventricleLeft ventricle aortic semilunar valve
aorta systemic circulation Systemic circulation vena cavae Right atrium
PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART
Equal volumes of blood are pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Pulmonary circuit is a short, low-pressure circulation
Systemic circuit blood encounters much resistance in the long pathways
Anatomy of the ventricles reflects these differences
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.6
Rightventricle
Leftventricle
Interventricularseptum
CORONARY CIRCULATION The functional blood supply to the
heart muscle itself
Arterial supply varies considerably and contains many anastomoses (junctions) among branches
Collateral routes provide additional routes for blood delivery
CORONARY CIRCULATION Arteries
Right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove), marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries
Veins Small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and
great cardiac veins
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.7a
Rightventricle
Rightcoronaryartery
Rightatrium
Rightmarginalartery Posterior
interventricularartery
Anteriorinterventricularartery
Circumflexartery
Leftcoronaryartery
Aorta
Anastomosis(junction ofvessels)
Leftventricle
Superiorvena cava
(a) The major coronary arteries
Left atrium
Pulmonarytrunk
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.7b
Superiorvena cava
Anteriorcardiacveins
Small cardiac veinMiddle cardiac vein
GreatcardiacveinCoronarysinus
(b) The major cardiac veins
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.4d
(d) Posterior surface view
AortaLeft pulmonaryarteryLeft pulmonaryveinsAuricle of leftatriumLeft atriumGreat cardiacveinPosterior veinof left ventricleLeft ventricle
Apex
Superior vena cavaRight pulmonary arteryRight pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Right coronary artery(in coronary sulcus)
Coronary sinus
Posteriorinterventricularartery (in posteriorinterventricular sulcus)Middle cardiac veinRight ventricle
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES Angina pectoris
Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium
Cells are weakened Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Prolonged coronary blockageAreas of cell death are repaired with
noncontractile scar tissue
HEART VALVESEnsure unidirectional blood flow through
the heartAtrioventricular (AV) valves
Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve (right)Mitral valve (left)
Chordae tendineae anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles
HEART VALVESSemilunar (SL) valves
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
Aortic semilunar valvePulmonary semilunar valve
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.8a
Pulmonary valveAortic valveArea of cutaway
Mitral valveTricuspid valve
Myocardium
Tricuspid(right atrioventricular)valveMitral(left atrioventricular)valveAorticvalve
Pulmonaryvalve
(b)
Pulmonary valveAortic valveArea of cutawayMitral valveTricuspid valve
Myocardium
Tricuspid(right atrioventricular)valve
(a)
Mitral(left atrioventricular)valveAortic valvePulmonaryvalveFibrous
skeletonAnterior
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.8b
Pulmonary valveAortic valveArea of cutaway
Mitral valveTricuspid valve
Myocardium
Tricuspid(right atrioventricular)valveMitral(left atrioventricular)valveAorticvalve
Pulmonaryvalve
(b)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.8c
Pulmonaryvalve
AorticvalveArea ofcutawayMitralvalve
Tricuspidvalve
Chordae tendineaeattached to tricuspid valve flap
Papillarymuscle
(c)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.8d
PulmonaryvalveAortic valveArea of cutawayMitral valveTricuspidvalve
Mitral valveChordaetendineae
Interventricularseptum
Myocardiumof left ventricle
Opening of inferiorvena cavaTricuspid valve
Papillarymuscles
Myocardiumof rightventricle
(d)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.9
1 Blood returning to theheart fills atria, puttingpressure againstatrioventricular valves;atrioventricular valves areforced open.
1 Ventricles contract, forcingblood against atrioventricularvalve cusps.
2 As ventricles fill,atrioventricular valve flapshang limply into ventricles.
2 Atrioventricular valvesclose.
3 Atria contract, forcingadditional blood into ventricles.
3 Papillary musclescontract and chordaetendineae tighten,preventing valve flapsfrom everting into atria.
(a) AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure
(b) AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure
Direction ofblood flowAtrium
Ventricle
Cusp ofatrioventricularvalve (open)
Chordaetendineae
Papillarymuscle
Atrium
Blood inventricle
Cusps ofatrioventricularvalve (closed)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.10
As ventriclescontract andintraventricularpressure rises,blood is pushed upagainst semilunarvalves, forcing themopen.
As ventricles relaxand intraventricularpressure falls, bloodflows back fromarteries, filling thecusps of semilunarvalves and forcingthem to close.
(a) Semilunar valves open
(b) Semilunar valves closed
AortaPulmonarytrunk
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac muscle cells are striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected
Numerous large mitochondria (25–35% of cell volume)
Intercalated discs: junctions between cells anchor cardiac cells
Heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.11a
Nucleus
DesmosomesGap junctions
Intercalated discs Cardiac muscle cell
(a)