Chapter 17Pgs. 688 - 718

By: Allan Hang,Paulo Aco, Lejla Alibasic, Amer Karahmet, Faraaz Hussain(Legend)

What changes did African-Americans face as the Redeemers rose to power in the South?

Redeemers In Power ● A coalition of merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs dominated regions politics after

1877 known as the “Redeemers”o claimed to be redeeming the region of “black rule” and misgovernment

● States budgets slashed; taxes reduced; public facilities closed● New laws arrest people that are unemployed and increased penalties for petty crimes● South prison population increases → renting out of convicts

o portion of prisoners placed in hands of businessmen for labor● Planters, merchants, and industrialists prosper, while most of the region sinks into poverty● Southern cities mainly export centers for cotton, tobacco, and rice● South dependent on North for capital and manufactured goods

Black Life in the South● A few economic opportunities for black laborers in the Upper South

o mines, iron furnaces, and tobacco factories● Labor market divided by racial lines and blacks excluded from most unions● Network of institutions (schools, churches, businesses, etc.) created after the Civil

War- serve as foundation for diverse black urban communities● Kansas Exodus: In 1879-1880, 40,000 to 60,000 African-Americans migrate to Kansas

seekingo political equalityo freedom from violenceo access to educationo economic opportunity

● Expansion of job opportunities in the North, but many refused to offer jobs to blacks so they remained in the South

Flyers were created by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton to promote the Kansas Exodus

Black Politics and Voting● Blacks continue to cast ballots in large numbers

○ democrats control local affairs by redrawing district lines ● Readjuster movements: black Republicans and Anti-Redeemer Democrats form alliance

o plan to scale back, or “readjust” the state debt in Virginia between 1879 to 1883● In North Carolina, the end of the Populist-Republican coalition government in 1898

o quickly followed by the elimination of black voting● 1890 - 1906 → Southern states enacts laws to limit the black vote● Poll tax: a fee that each citizen had to pay in order to retain the right to vote● LIteracy tests and requirement that voter demonstrates understanding of the state constitution put in

place to limit African-American votes● Grandfather clause: exempting from the new requirements descendants of persons eligible to vote

before Civil War (only whites could vote at that time)o Supreme Court invalidate law in 1915 (violated the 15th Amendment)

● Poor and illiterate whites also lost the right to vote● In the 1940’s, only 3% of black southerners registered to vote

In what ways did the boundaries of American

Freedom grow narrower in this period?

Segregation, White Dominance, & Lynching

● Segregation was just one part of White Domination. Others are disenfranchisement, unequal economic status, and inferior education. The point was not to separate whites and blacks but to make sure in every scenario that whites had the advantage.

● Segregation also included the Chinese. In some parts of Mississippi, Chinese laborers had been brought in to work the fields after the Civil War, 3 separate school systems (white, black, and Chinese)

● Lynching is being murdered by a mob; Every year between 1883 and 1905, more than fifty people (majority black men) were lynched in the South.

● Widespread lynching of individuals over so long a period was a phenomenon unknown elsewhere.

● As the white North and South moved toward reconciliation in the 1880s and 1890s, one cost was forgetting the dream of racial equality created by the Civil War

● Despite the depression, 3.5 million newcomers came seeking jobs in the industrial centers of the North and Midwest.o Over half arrived from eastern Europe (especially Italy and the

Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires● Founded in 18894 by a group of Boston professionals, the Immigration

Restriction League called for reducing immigration by barring the illiterate from entering the U.S.

● Like the south, northern and western states experimented with ways to eliminate undesirable voters. o Nearly all states during the 1890s developed the secret or

“Australian” ballot, meant to protect voters’ privacy and to limit the participation of illiterates

● Suffrage throughout the country was increasingly becoming a privilege, not a right.

The Politics of Memory, New Immigrants, & New Nativism

Chinese Exclusion and Rights & Booker T. Washington

● Between 1850 and 1870, nearly all Chinese immigrants had been unattached men, brought in by labor contractors to work in western gold fields, railroad construction, and factories. Early 1882, Congress temporarily excluded immigrants from China from entering the country

● In the late 19th century West, thousands of Chinese immigrants were expelled from towns and mining camps, and mobs assaulted Chinese residences and businesses.

● The death of Frederick Douglass with Booker T. Washingtons widely praised speech at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition that urged blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon the agitation for civil and political rights.

● Washington urged blacks not to combat segregation. His speech called for blacks to gain progress through education and entrepreneurship.

● His support in the black community also arose from widespread sense that in the world of the late 19th century, frontal assaults on white power were impossible and that blacks should concentrate on building their segregated communities.

The Rise of the AFL (American Federation of Labor)

1. Rise of the AFL, Samuel Gompers: Began with the demise of the Knights of Labor during the 1890s. Samuel Gompers is the founder of the AFL and longtime president.

2. AFL-Gompers approach

a. Repudiation of broad reform vision, political engagement, direct confrontation with capital because of failure of the Homestead and Pullman strike.

b. Emphasis on bargaining with employers over wages and conditions; "business unionism" - Gompers spoke the language of business culture of the era.

c. Narrower ideal of labor solidarity

i. Concentration on skilled labor sectors- which excluded majority of the labor force, who were unskilled workers.

ii. Exclusion of blacks, women, new immigrants- most of them were unskilled workers; therefore, excluded from AFL

The women’s era1. Widening prospects for economic independence-married women had control of own wages and property and right to sign separate contracts and make separate wills2.Expanding role in public life

A) Growing network of women's organizations, campaigns-network of women’s clubs, temperance associations, and social reform organizations

B) Women's Christian Temperance Union-moved from demanding the prohibition of alcohol to a comprehensive program of economic and political reform, including right to vote3. Growing elitism of women's suffrage movement

a)Ethnic-native-born, middle class women dominated the suffrage movement claimed the right to vote as educated members of a “superior race”

b)Racial-movement continued to fight for equality in employment, education, and politics

How did the U.S. evolve from a second rate

power to a powerful Imperial power in the

1890s?

Rise of American Imperialism● Imperialism arose from rival European Countries ( Belgians, British, French)

-justification of expansion was to modernize backward peoples of non-European countries● Monroe Doctrine made Americans consider the Western Hemisphere an American sphere of

influence● Americans initially interested in expanded trade, not territorial expansion● Major Companies like Standard Oil aggressively marketed products abroad especially during

economic downturns● Religious missionaries spread nation’s influence overseas● Josiah Strong, clergymen, Anglo-Saxons duty to spread their values to “inferior races”

-civilizing “savages” would turn them to consumers of American goods● Depression of 1893 heightened belief of need of more aggressive foreign policy to stimulate

American exports

Lady Columbia representing Manifest Destiny and promoting Westward Expansion

Lady Columbia in armor followed by a fleet of naval ships representing imperialism

An American Empire● War changed from aiding suffering Cubans to an imperial venture ● Americans’ duty to “uplift and civilize” filipino people and train them for self-government● U.S. acquired Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam● McKinley forced Cuba’s new govt. to approve Platt Amendment for new Constitution● Platt Amendment-authorized U.S. to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit ● New possessions for U.S. had more to do w/ trade rather than gaining wealth from natural

resources or large-American Settlement● 1899, Open Door Policy, demanded that European Powers that had recently divided China into

commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to American exports

The Philippine War● Large Planters looked forward to access in American Markets ● Nationalists admired America’s democratic ideals and AMerican Participation in destruction of

Spanish rule would to social reform and political self government● Leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, established provisional govt. modeled on that of U.S. but McKinley

retained possession of islands● Press reports of atrocities committed by American troops tarnished image as liberators● Mckinley administration justified its policies that its aim was to “uplift and civilize and

Christianize” the Filipino people● U.S. sought to modernize islands such as building railroads, bring in American school teachers

and public health officials, and modernize agriculture

Citizens or Subjects?

● Rudyard Kipling urged the United States to take up the “white man’s burden” of imperialism.

● The idea of an “empire of liberty” assumed that new territories would eventually be admitted as equal states and their residents would be American citizens

● Leaders of both parties feared that people of “ an alien race and foreign tongue” could not be incorporated into the Union

● Foraker Act of 1900 declared Puerto Rico an “insular territory”● The Court declared that Congress must recognize the

“fundamental” personal rights of residents of the Philippines and Puerto Rico

Drawing The Global Color Line

● American racial attitudes having a global impact. ● Ex. Chinese exclusion in the United States influenced anti-Chinese

Laws adopted in Canada● United States “taught” some countries that the “failure” of

Reconstruction demonstrated the impossibility of multiracial democracy

● Ex. Union of South Africa saw its own policy of racial separation as following the footsteps of segregation in the United States

“Republic or Empire?”

● Emergence of the United States as an imperial power led to the creation of the Anti-Imperialist League. Uniting writers, social reformers, businessmen, and racists

● The league declared to :help the world by an example of successful self-government”; “Republic of free men”

● Senator Albert Beveridge of Indiana claimed anti-imperialists were the real “infidels of the gospel of liberty” because ventured on to bring “ a new day of freedom” to the world

● America was a “benevolent” imperialism, rooted in an national mission to uplift backward cultures and spread liberty