Chapter 17:Page 471

The Renaissance

The Growth of Italian City-States

Why were Italian city-states so rich and

powerful?

• Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, led to their growth

• Northern Italy had a wealthy merchant class

• It’s classical heritage of Greece and Rome

• Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, led to their growth

• Northern Italy had a wealthy merchant class

• It’s classical heritage of Greece and Rome

How did Florence become the most

influential city-state?

• Florence was mostly urban while the rest of Europe was rural

• Because of the plague, many of the city’s survivors could demand higher wages

• Because Florence was small, many of its citizens could be involved in politics

• Florence was mostly urban while the rest of Europe was rural

• Because of the plague, many of the city’s survivors could demand higher wages

• Because Florence was small, many of its citizens could be involved in politics

What was the Renaissance and why did it begin in Italy?

• Renaissance means “re-birth” which refers to revival in arts and learning

• Italian merchants displayed their wealth by giving financial support to artists

• Lorenzo de Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent) was a generous patron of the arts

• Renaissance means “re-birth” which refers to revival in arts and learning

• Italian merchants displayed their wealth by giving financial support to artists

• Lorenzo de Medici (Lorenzo the Magnificent) was a generous patron of the arts

The Spirit of the The Spirit of the RenaissanceRenaissance

Why People Like Me Why People Like Me Became Interested in Became Interested in

Ancient Culture…Ancient Culture…

• The Crusades made Europeans The Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world eager to learn about the world around themaround them

• Church leaders became patrons Church leaders became patrons of the arts by financially of the arts by financially supporting artists supporting artists

• The Crusades made Europeans The Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world eager to learn about the world around themaround them

• Church leaders became patrons Church leaders became patrons of the arts by financially of the arts by financially supporting artists supporting artists

A Fascination with A Fascination with Classical CulturesClassical Cultures

• Scholars became interested in ancient Scholars became interested in ancient GreekGreek and and RomanRoman culture culture

• Artists used ancient art as modelsArtists used ancient art as models

• BrunelleschiBrunelleschi designed buildings designed buildings after studying Roman ruinsafter studying Roman ruins

• Scholars became interested in ancient Scholars became interested in ancient GreekGreek and and RomanRoman culture culture

• Artists used ancient art as modelsArtists used ancient art as models

• BrunelleschiBrunelleschi designed buildings designed buildings after studying Roman ruinsafter studying Roman ruins

• Filippo Brunelleschi• Commissioned to build the

cathedral dome in Florence (Il Duomo)

– Used unique architectural concepts.• He studied the ancient

Pantheon in Rome

• Filippo Brunelleschi• Commissioned to build the

cathedral dome in Florence (Il Duomo)

– Used unique architectural concepts.• He studied the ancient

Pantheon in Rome

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Dome ComparisonsIl Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

A New Type of Scholar Called a Humanist

• Humanists adopted many Roman and Greek beliefs

• 1.) seeking fulfillment in daily life

• 2.) all people have dignity and worth

• 3.) the ideal person—one who can do almost anything (the Renaissance Man)

• Humanists adopted many Roman and Greek beliefs

• 1.) seeking fulfillment in daily life

• 2.) all people have dignity and worth

• 3.) the ideal person—one who can do almost anything (the Renaissance Man)

• Humanists learned many subjects, such as Latin, Greek history, and mathematics

• In the Middle Ages, religious people proved their piety by living a plain life—humanists enjoyed life without offending God

• Humanists learned many subjects, such as Latin, Greek history, and mathematics

• In the Middle Ages, religious people proved their piety by living a plain life—humanists enjoyed life without offending God

• Machiavelli—wrote The Prince

• The Prince was a book about Italian government

• Machiavelli supported the idea of absolute power

• In order to keep power, a ruler must do some evil

• Machiavelli—wrote The Prince

• The Prince was a book about Italian government

• Machiavelli supported the idea of absolute power

• In order to keep power, a ruler must do some evil

PetrarchPetrarch• Father of Renaissance

humanism

• Poet

• sonnets

• Father of Renaissance humanism

• Poet

• sonnets

A Belief in Human Potential

• Emphasized human achievement on Emphasized human achievement on earth, rather than the afterlifeearth, rather than the afterlife

• Renaissance thinkers strove to master Renaissance thinkers strove to master almost every artalmost every art

• Later ages called such people Later ages called such people ““Renaissance menRenaissance men””

• Emphasized human achievement on Emphasized human achievement on earth, rather than the afterlifeearth, rather than the afterlife

• Renaissance thinkers strove to master Renaissance thinkers strove to master almost every artalmost every art

• Later ages called such people Later ages called such people ““Renaissance menRenaissance men””

Renaissance Renaissance ArtistsArtists

• Individuals became the center of attention during the Renaissance as the belief in human potential & ability began to emerge from Medieval ways of thinking

• Individuals became the center of attention during the Renaissance as the belief in human potential & ability began to emerge from Medieval ways of thinking

• Ideal Man—was well educated in the Classics; should be charming, witty, & smart; can dance, write poetry, & play music; should be physically fit (called a “Renaissance Man”)

• Ideal Man—was well educated in the Classics; should be charming, witty, & smart; can dance, write poetry, & play music; should be physically fit (called a “Renaissance Man”)

• Ideal Woman—study Classics; write, dance, paint, make music well; but should not seek fame or political power (Renaissance women were far better educated but had fewer rights than Medieval women)

• Ideal Woman—study Classics; write, dance, paint, make music well; but should not seek fame or political power (Renaissance women were far better educated but had fewer rights than Medieval women)

Giovanni GiottoGiovanni Giotto

• Giotto developed a new artistic style for creating frescos (paint on wet plaster walls):

– Painted human figures that appeared lifelike

– Painted people with emotion– Painted people in frescos interacting

with each other

• Giotto developed a new artistic style for creating frescos (paint on wet plaster walls):

– Painted human figures that appeared lifelike

– Painted people with emotion– Painted people in frescos interacting

with each other

Giotto’s “Lamentation over Christ”

Giotto’s “Lamentation over Christ”

Donato DonatelloDonato

Donatello

• Donatello was the greatest sculptor of the Renaissance

• Medieval sculptors only carved the front of a statue, but Donatello wanted sculptures to be viewed from all sides like Greek & Roman statues

• Donatello was the greatest sculptor of the Renaissance

• Medieval sculptors only carved the front of a statue, but Donatello wanted sculptures to be viewed from all sides like Greek & Roman statues

Donatello’s “David” became the first large, free-standing human sculptureDonatello’s “David” became the first large, free-standing human sculpture

TommasoMasaccioTommasoMasaccio

• Masaccio added to Giotto’s innovative style by using perspective:

– Shows objects in the foreground as larger than objects in the background which gives the illusion of depth

• Masaccio added to Giotto’s innovative style by using perspective:

– Shows objects in the foreground as larger than objects in the background which gives the illusion of depth

Masaccio’sMasaccio’sChrist and the TributeChrist and the Tribute

AcrosticAcrostic

• Task: Create an acrostic with the letters RENAISSANCE. Illustrate your acrostic. The first three letters might look like this:

• Rebirth of ancient ideas and learning

• Emphasis was now on earthly achievements

• Nurtured by leaders of Italian city-states

• Task: Create an acrostic with the letters RENAISSANCE. Illustrate your acrostic. The first three letters might look like this:

• Rebirth of ancient ideas and learning

• Emphasis was now on earthly achievements

• Nurtured by leaders of Italian city-states

Michelangelo

• Michelangelo was a great Michelangelo was a great painterpainter & & sculptorsculptor; his “; his “PietaPieta” & “” & “DavidDavid” ” sculptures are perceived as masterpiecessculptures are perceived as masterpieces

• His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the ceiling of the Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel; which ; which shows biblical images of amazing detail, shows biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beautypower, & beauty

• Michelangelo was a great Michelangelo was a great painterpainter & & sculptorsculptor; his “; his “PietaPieta” & “” & “DavidDavid” ” sculptures are perceived as masterpiecessculptures are perceived as masterpieces

• His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the ceiling of the Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel; which ; which shows biblical images of amazing detail, shows biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beautypower, & beauty

Michelangelo’s “Pieta” depicts the Virgin Mary

cradling the limp body of the crucified Jesus

Michelangelo’s “Pieta” depicts the Virgin Mary

cradling the limp body of the crucified Jesus

Michelangelo’s statue of “David”

expresses the Renaissance belief in human dignity

and greatness

Michelangelo’s statue of “David”

expresses the Renaissance belief in human dignity

and greatness

• His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; which shows Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty

• His greatest work is the 130 ft x 44 ft ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; which shows Biblical images of amazing detail, power, & beauty

• Michelangelo painted more than 300 massive human figures onto the 5,800 square-foot ceiling while laying on his back

• The ceiling contains illustrations from the creation of Adam to the story of Noah

• Michelangelo painted more than 300 massive human figures onto the 5,800 square-foot ceiling while laying on his back

• The ceiling contains illustrations from the creation of Adam to the story of Noah

The Creation

of the Heavens

The Sistine Chapel Details

Creation of Man

• Michelangelo returned to the chapel to begin painting the altarpiece “The Last Judgment”

• This painting features Christ judging souls as the rise and fall from each side of the painting

• Michelangelo returned to the chapel to begin painting the altarpiece “The Last Judgment”

• This painting features Christ judging souls as the rise and fall from each side of the painting

Bartholomew's flayed skin

Raphael

• Raphael “Perfected” Renaissance painting

• He became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his amazing detailed paintings showing Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people

• “School of Athens” is his greatest work

• Raphael “Perfected” Renaissance painting

• He became the favorite painter of the Pope because of his amazing detailed paintings showing Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people

• “School of Athens” is his greatest work

• All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included in this painting all of the great personalities of the classical period

• A great variety of poses• Raphael worked on this commission

simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel

Raphael

Plato and Aristotle

Socrates

Michelangelo

Alexander the Great

Pythagoras

ZoroasterZoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Betrothal of the Virgin

Raphael

Leonardo da Vinci

• A true “Renaissance Man” Leonardo was an inventor, painter, sculptor, & scientist

• A true “Renaissance Man” Leonardo was an inventor, painter, sculptor, & scientist

Leonardo, the Artist

From his Notebooks of over 5000 pages)

His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion

The facial expressions, detail, and emotion had made it a masterpiece

His “Last Supper” shows Jesus’ last meeting with the 12 apostles before the crucifixion

The facial expressions, detail, and emotion had made it a masterpiece

The Last Supper – da Vinci, & Geometry

horizontal

vert

ical

The Last Supper and Perspective

A Da Vinci “Code”St. John or Mary Magdalene?

Convent of Santa Maria delle GrazieMilan, Italy

da Vinci’s Mona Lisa

is great for its emotion and

depth

Mona Lisa has no visible facial hair at all - including eyebrows and

eyelashes

Mona Lisa has no visible facial hair at all - including eyebrows and

eyelashes

A Picasso Mona

• On August 12, 1911, a Louvre employee On August 12, 1911, a Louvre employee stole it by entering the building during stole it by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet regular hours, hiding in a broom closet and walking out with it hidden under his and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closedcoat after the museum had closed

• After keeping the painting in his After keeping the painting in his apartment for two years, the man grew apartment for two years, the man grew impatient and was caught when he impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to an art dealer; it was attempted to sell it to an art dealer; it was exhibited all over Italy and returned to the exhibited all over Italy and returned to the Louvre in 1913 Louvre in 1913

• On August 12, 1911, a Louvre employee On August 12, 1911, a Louvre employee stole it by entering the building during stole it by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet regular hours, hiding in a broom closet and walking out with it hidden under his and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closedcoat after the museum had closed

• After keeping the painting in his After keeping the painting in his apartment for two years, the man grew apartment for two years, the man grew impatient and was caught when he impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to an art dealer; it was attempted to sell it to an art dealer; it was exhibited all over Italy and returned to the exhibited all over Italy and returned to the Louvre in 1913 Louvre in 1913

• In 1956, the lower part of the painting was severely damaged when someone doused it with acid

• On December 30 of that same year, another person damaged the painting by throwing a rock at it

• The result was a speck of pigment near Mona Lisa's left elbow

• The painting is now covered with bulletproof security glass

• In 1956, the lower part of the painting was severely damaged when someone doused it with acid

• On December 30 of that same year, another person damaged the painting by throwing a rock at it

• The result was a speck of pigment near Mona Lisa's left elbow

• The painting is now covered with bulletproof security glass

Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his Notebook

Leonardo, the Engineer:

• Leonardo sketched several designs for flying machines including this one with a rotating screw

• He intended to power it with a wound-up spring

• Leonardo sketched several designs for flying machines including this one with a rotating screw

• He intended to power it with a wound-up spring

• Leonardo’s many military inventions included this design for an armored tank

• Four soldiers sitting inside could turn cranks to move the wheels on this tank”

• Leonardo’s many military inventions included this design for an armored tank

• Four soldiers sitting inside could turn cranks to move the wheels on this tank”

• da Vinci also invented a gigantic crossbow

• It's difficult to know whether it would have worked, or whether it would have been superior to cannons of the same period

• da Vinci also invented a gigantic crossbow

• It's difficult to know whether it would have worked, or whether it would have been superior to cannons of the same period

Vitruvian Man

• The length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height

• The maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height

• The distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's height

• The length of a man's outspread arms is equal to his height

• The maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height

• The distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's height

• The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars from other areas visited Italian city-states & took the new ideas they saw back

• The Renaissance spread from Italy as scholars from other areas visited Italian city-states & took the new ideas they saw back

• Kings bought Renaissance art, helping to spread new ideas

• Renaissance ideas spread to the Holy Roman Empire (Germany), England, France, Belgium, Netherlands

• Kings bought Renaissance art, helping to spread new ideas

• Renaissance ideas spread to the Holy Roman Empire (Germany), England, France, Belgium, Netherlands

• Renaissance in Germany was very religious—Christian humanists criticized the church & society (will lead to Protestant Reformation)

• Renaissance in Germany was very religious—Christian humanists criticized the church & society (will lead to Protestant Reformation)

• poked fun at greedy merchants and pompous priests in his writings

• Christian humanist who wrote “The Praise of Folly”

• poked fun at greedy merchants and pompous priests in his writings

• Christian humanist who wrote “The Praise of Folly”

ERASMUS

• Renaissance in England focused on social issues—Thomas More criticized society through Utopia

• William Shakespeare— playwright who wrote plays based on ideas from classics & universal human qualities

• Dante Alighieri – wrote “The Divine Comedy

• Renaissance in England focused on social issues—Thomas More criticized society through Utopia

• William Shakespeare— playwright who wrote plays based on ideas from classics & universal human qualities

• Dante Alighieri – wrote “The Divine Comedy

• The Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of adventure and discovery

• The Renaissance spirit played an important role in helping to launch the Age of Exploration

• The Renaissance encouraged a new spirit of adventure and discovery

• The Renaissance spirit played an important role in helping to launch the Age of Exploration