Chapter 17 NotesChapter 17 NotesReconstruction & the New SouthReconstruction & the New South

1865-18961865-1896

Ch. 17 Vocab Ch. 17 Vocab ReconstructionReconstruction-- refers to how to refers to how to rebuild a devastated South, & readmit rebuild a devastated South, & readmit Southern states to the Union Southern states to the Union

AmnestyAmnesty-- a pardon a pardon

Radical-Radical- a person who takes an a person who takes an extreme approach to a cause extreme approach to a cause

Impeach-Impeach- formal process in which an formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity official is accused of unlawful activity

Reconstruction PlansReconstruction PlansReconstruction DebateReconstruction Debate * Following the Civil War – need for a major rebuilding period – * Following the Civil War – need for a major rebuilding period –

called called ReconstructionReconstructionA. A. Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan

11) Ten Percent Plan – 10% of a states pop. swore loyalty to Ten Percent Plan – 10% of a states pop. swore loyalty to the Union – that state could form a new govt. the Union – that state could form a new govt. a) Also had to adopt const. that banned slaverya) Also had to adopt const. that banned slavery

2) Didn’t want to punish southerners – felt it would delay 2) Didn’t want to punish southerners – felt it would delay healing healing

3) Offered Amnesty to southerners willing to swear loyalty 3) Offered Amnesty to southerners willing to swear loyalty to Union – except Confederate leadersto Union – except Confederate leaders

B. B. The Radicals’ PlanThe Radicals’ Plan1) Radical Republicans – wanted more “extreme” approach1) Radical Republicans – wanted more “extreme” approach2) Denied seats to congress from any state readmitted to 2) Denied seats to congress from any state readmitted to

Union Union3) Basically wanted to punish the South before readmitting3) Basically wanted to punish the South before readmitting4) Lincoln knew he4) Lincoln knew he would have to compromise with the would have to compromise with the

RadicalsRadicals

C. C. The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau1) Purpose was to help African 1) Purpose was to help African American’s adapt to freedomAmerican’s adapt to freedom

a) Gave food, clothes, & medical a) Gave food, clothes, & medical services servicesb) Helped acquire land or find b) Helped acquire land or find

workworkc) Set up schools (some higher c) Set up schools (some higher learning) learning)

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan**April 14, 1865 – Lincoln assassinated by April 14, 1865 – Lincoln assassinated by

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth* Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson becomes

President* Called his plan “Restoration”* States had to ratify the 13th Amend. but

Johnson opposed equal rights for African Americans

* Felt “white men alone must manage the South”

**By the end of 1865 – all seceding states but Texas had a new govt. and were ready to rejoin Union

Radicals in ControlRadicals in ControlAfrican American RightsAfrican American Rights* Due to riots in the South, Radical Rep. felt Johnson’s Plan needed * Due to riots in the South, Radical Rep. felt Johnson’s Plan needed

to be strongerto be strongerA.A. Black Codes Black Codes

1) Southern states passed laws to control freed men:1) Southern states passed laws to control freed men: a) Could arrest jobless African Am.a) Could arrest jobless African Am. b) Banned them from owning farmsb) Banned them from owning farms2) Congress passed 2) Congress passed Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866 a) Gave full citizenship to African Am.a) Gave full citizenship to African Am. b) Federal govt. had power to intervene in state affairs to b) Federal govt. had power to intervene in state affairs to

protect rights protect rights c) Overturned Black codes & contradicted Dred Scott c) Overturned Black codes & contradicted Dred Scott CaseCase3) Pres. Johnson vetoed both bills3) Pres. Johnson vetoed both bills a) Said they were unconstitutional due to not including a) Said they were unconstitutional due to not including reps. reps. from ALL states from ALL states4) Republicans in Congress defeated both vetoes & they became 4) Republicans in Congress defeated both vetoes & they became

LawLaw

B. B. Fourteenth Amendment - 1866Fourteenth Amendment - 1866 1) Granted full citizenship to all people born in the United States1) Granted full citizenship to all people born in the United States

2) No one could take away citizens right to life, liberty, or property without “due process of the law”

3) Southern states had to ratify this Amendment to rejoin the Union4) Was delayed until 1868 (due to southern states not ratifying it)

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction* With Rep. in control of Congress – Johnson could do little to stop them* With Rep. in control of Congress – Johnson could do little to stop themA. A. Reconstruction Acts of 1867Reconstruction Acts of 1867

1) Divided 10 Southern states not in the Union into five military 1) Divided 10 Southern states not in the Union into five military districts run by a military commanderdistricts run by a military commander2) Guaranteed all African Am. men right to vote in state elections2) Guaranteed all African Am. men right to vote in state elections3) Had to ratify 143) Had to ratify 14thth Amend. to rejoin the Union Amend. to rejoin the Union

B. B. Readmission of StatesReadmission of States1) 1868 – AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, NC, & SC rejoined Union1) 1868 – AL, AR, FL, GA, LA, NC, & SC rejoined Union2) 1870 – MS, VA, & TX were restored to the Union2) 1870 – MS, VA, & TX were restored to the Union

C. C. Impeaching the PresidentImpeaching the President1) Johnson impeached but not convicted – 1) Johnson impeached but not convicted – remained Pres. Until 1869remained Pres. Until 1869

D. D. The Fifteenth AmendmentThe Fifteenth Amendment1) Couldn’t deny the right of any male to vote because of “race, color, 1) Couldn’t deny the right of any male to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”or previous condition of servitude”

The South During ReconstructionThe South During ReconstructionReconstruction PoliticsReconstruction Politics * Republicans dominate southern politics* Republicans dominate southern politicsA. A. African Americans in GovernmentAfrican Americans in Government

1) 16 African Am. in House & 2 in Senate 1) 16 African Am. in House & 2 in Senate 2) Hiram Revels & Blanch Bruce2) Hiram Revels & Blanch Bruce

B. B. Scalawags & CarpetbaggersScalawags & Carpetbaggers 1) 1) ScalawagsScalawags – name given to Southern – name given to Southern whites who backed Republicanswhites who backed Republicans 2) 2) CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers – name given to – name given to

northerners who moved to the south northerners who moved to the south & supported Republicans & supported Republicans a) Brought their belongings in cheap a) Brought their belongings in cheap suitcases made of carpet fabric suitcases made of carpet fabric

C. C. Resistance to ReconstructionResistance to Reconstruction 1)1) Most southern whites refused to rent Most southern whites refused to rent land land etc. to African Am.etc. to African Am. 2) Ku Klux Klan came into existence2) Ku Klux Klan came into existence

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

Nathan Bedford Forrest – Becomes “Grand Wizard”In 1868

Education & FarmingEducation & Farming* About 40% of African Am. * About 40% of African Am.

Children attended school in the Children attended school in the southsouth

* White women & African Am. Men * White women & African Am. Men came from the north to teachcame from the north to teach

* Almost all schools were * Almost all schools were segregatedsegregated

** Sharecropping was the most ** Sharecropping was the most common form of farm work for common form of farm work for African Am.African Am.

** Rented a plot of land & “shared” ** Rented a plot of land & “shared” a percentage of crops with a percentage of crops with landownerlandowner

** After paying landowners, barely ** After paying landowners, barely had enough to feed their had enough to feed their familiesfamilies

Change in the SouthChange in the SouthThe End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction * Reconstruction comes to an end for many * Reconstruction comes to an end for many

reasonsreasonsA. A. Republican RevoltRepublican Revolt

1) Some Republicans start to split with the 1) Some Republicans start to split with the party, due to reports of corruption in party, due to reports of corruption in Grants Grants AdministrationAdministration

B. B. Democrats Regain PowerDemocrats Regain Power 1) 1872 – Amnesty Act is passed1) 1872 – Amnesty Act is passed

a) Pardoned most former a) Pardoned most former confederatesconfederates

b) Nearly all white southerners b) Nearly all white southerners could now vote & hold office could now vote & hold office

2) Democrats start to regain control of 2) Democrats start to regain control of state governments in the Southstate governments in the South 3) 1873 – many political scandals 3) 1873 – many political scandals come to come to light (Republican)light (Republican) 4) Panic of 1873 – economic depression4) Panic of 1873 – economic depression 5) Election of 1874 – Democrats gain 5) Election of 1874 – Democrats gain control of the House of Reps.control of the House of Reps.

C. C. The Election of 1876 (Presidential)The Election of 1876 (Presidential)1) Republicans - nominate Rutherford B. Hayes1) Republicans - nominate Rutherford B. Hayes

a) Held modest view on Reconstructiona) Held modest view on Reconstruction2) Democrats – nominate Samuel Tilden2) Democrats – nominate Samuel Tilden3) Hayes wins in an interesting election3) Hayes wins in an interesting election

a) Tilden – more pop. votes but one electoral a) Tilden – more pop. votes but one electoral vote vote short of winning short of winning

b) Special commission formed to award 20 b) Special commission formed to award 20 electoral electoral votes – Hayes wins 8 to 7 votes – Hayes wins 8 to 7

D.D. Compromise of 1877 Compromise of 18771) Hayes wins but all troops are removed from the South 1) Hayes wins but all troops are removed from the South

& more govt. aid is given to the South& more govt. aid is given to the SouthE. E. A New PolicyA New Policy

1) Hayes’ message – Fed. Govt. will no longer attempt 1) Hayes’ message – Fed. Govt. will no longer attempt to reshape southern society to reshape southern society

2) Reconstruction officially ends2) Reconstruction officially ends

Change in the SouthChange in the SouthA. A. Democrats in ControlDemocrats in Control

1) New leaders take charge1) New leaders take charge a) Merchants, bankers, business leaders – support a) Merchants, bankers, business leaders – support

economic development economic developmentB. B. Change in PoliticsChange in Politics

1) Democrats called “redeemers” due to redeeming or 1) Democrats called “redeemers” due to redeeming or “saving” the south “saving” the south

2) One party rule & conservative policies dominate 2) One party rule & conservative policies dominate Southern politicsSouthern politics

C. C. Rise of the “New South”Rise of the “New South” 1) Would have industries based on cotton, coal, iron, 1) Would have industries based on cotton, coal, iron,

tobacco, & lumbertobacco, & lumber

2) Southern industry grows because2) Southern industry grows because of a cheap reliable of a cheap reliable workforce workforce

3) Agriculture still remains main economic activity3) Agriculture still remains main economic activity

A Divided SocietyA Divided SocietyA. A. Voting RestrictionsVoting Restrictions

1) When reconstruction ends – African Am. 1) When reconstruction ends – African Am. face more problemsface more problems 2) Southerners find a way around 2) Southerners find a way around 1515thth Amend. Amend.

a) a) Poll TaxPoll Tax – fee paid to vote – fee paid to voteb) b) Literacy TestLiteracy Test – African Am. had little – African Am. had little education educationc) c) Grandfather ClausesGrandfather Clauses – allowed – allowed

whites whites who couldn’t pass the test to vote if who couldn’t pass the test to vote if fathers or grandfathers had voted fathers or grandfathers had voted

B. B. Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws 1) Caused African Am. & whites to be 1) Caused African Am. & whites to be segregated in almost every public placesegregated in almost every public place 2) Plessy v. Ferguson – sets policy of 2) Plessy v. Ferguson – sets policy of “separate but equal” for next 50 years“separate but equal” for next 50 years

C. C. Reconstruction’s ImpactReconstruction’s Impact 1) Was a success & a failure1) Was a success & a failure

2) Allowed African Am. to advance briefly, 2) Allowed African Am. to advance briefly, then regressed back toward slaverythen regressed back toward slavery

““Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal”