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Learning Objectives
1. What types of politics may matter to whether and how government acts on any given issue?
2. How do America’s social welfare policies and programs differ from those of many other modern democracies?
3. Why are some social welfare policies and programs politically protected while others are politically imperiled?
4. Is there a political consensus about how to address the solvency challenges facing major social welfare programs?
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Learning Objectives
5. Why have government regulations on certain
big businesses been imposed over the
objections of those industries?
6. Why are environmental policies designed and
enforced differently in America than in other
industrialized nations?
7. Does just one type of politics drive
environmental policies and programs? Co
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Introduction
WHO GOVERNS?1. How, if at all, have Americans’ views of
government’s responsibility to help the“deserving poor” changed over time?
2. Why are some government social welfare programs politically protected while others are politically imperiled?
TO WHAT ENDS?1. What does the Constitution mean by “promote the
general Welfare”?
2. Who should administer federal welfare programs?
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Policymaking PoliticsRevisitedCost vs. BenefitLegitimacyPerceived costs and
benefits can be: Widely distributed Narrowly
concentrated
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A Way of Classifying and Explaining the Politics of Different Policy Issues
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Social Welfare Policy
“To provide for the . . . general Welfare” Restrict spending? OR Meet national needs?
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Social Welfare Policy
From the New Deal to the New Health Care Law Insurance program (unemployed/elderly) Assistance program (blind, dependent
children and aged) Means test
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Social Welfare Policy
FDR and the New Deal Social Security Act (1935)
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9In 1932, unemployed workers
line up at a soup kitchen during the Great Depression.
Social Welfare Policy
Johnson and the Great Society Medicaid and Medicare (1965)
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Social Welfare Policy
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Obama Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
(2010)
Social Welfare Policy
Benefits most Most pay No means test Majoritarian politics Social Security and
Medicare Issue: cost
Benefits few Most pay Means tested Client politics TANF and SNAP Issue: legitimacy
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Two Kinds of Social Welfare Programs
Social Welfare Policy
Social Security and Medicare: Majoritarian Politics
Opinion on Social Security and Medicare Proposals, By Generation
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Public Opinion on Changing Medicare and Social Security
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Social Welfare Policy
Social Welfare Policy in America: Four Distinctive Features1. More restrictive view of who is entitled to
governmental assistance
2. Slower to embrace the welfare state
3. States play a large role
4. Nongovernmental organizations play a large role
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Social Welfare Policy
From AFDC to TANF: Client Politics Existing state programs Federal government regulations governing
the programs Public opinion changes Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
(TANF)
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Social Welfare Policy
Medicaid: Client and Majoritarian Means-tested Benefits broader population Interest group support
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Business Regulation Policy
Relationship between wealth and power
Antitrust Laws: Majoritarian Politics Sherman Act (1890) Federal Trade Commission Act (1914 Clayton Act (1914)
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Business Regulation Policy
Labor and Occupational Health and Safety: Interest Group Politics Wagner Act
National Labor Relations Board
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)
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Business Regulation Policy
Agriculture Subsidies: Client Politics
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Dairy farmers get government subsidies for their milk production.
Business Regulation Policy
Consumer and Environmental Protection: Entrepreneurial Politics Auto safety/antipollution
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21Entrepreneurial politics: Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle, published in
1906, shocked readers with its description of conditions in the meat-packing industry and helped bring about passage of the Meat Inspection Act of
1906.
Environmental Policy
The Politics of “Cap and Trade”Environmental Policy in America: Three
Distinctive Features Adversarial State dependent Interest group pressures
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New Federal Safety Regulations for Deep Water
Oil Drilling
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Click picture to play video
New Federal Safety Regulations for Deep Water
Oil DrillingTaking a closer look:
1. What persons or agencies oversee federal environmental policy?
2. How are new regulations an example of adversarial policy?
3. Who pays for costs associated with administering environmental regulations?
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