Chapter 16

Section 1

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFEFew cities had 1-million in populationNYC population in 1900: 3.5-millionIndustrial jobs increaseHigh immigration in citiesCities need to expand upwardBridges needed to be built

SKYSCRAPERSCities spread upwardTall building become realityNew inventions: Elevator, steelArchitect Louis Sullivan designed Wainwright Building (MO)10-stories highSkyscrapers solved practical problems of limited space

ELECTRIC TRANSITCities spread outwardElectricity transforms urban transportationElectric streetcars sweep nation 100-million “commuters” headed into NYC daily to workCongestion still a problemElevated or “el” trains and subways created Connects suburbs to cities

THE SCIENCE OF URBAN PLANNINGCities need comfortParks and recreational areas emergeFrederick Law Olmsted develops, ”Greensward”“Greensward” became Central Park in NYCIncluded boating , tennis courts, and bike paths“Natural” setting to cityOlmsted designed areas of Chicago and Boston

AIRPLANES AND MAIL DELIVERYOrville and Wilbur WrightEngines powerful enough to keep objects aloft “heavier than air”Built first glider (or plane)First Flight: Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903120 feet, lasted 12 secondsBy 1905, 24 miles tripUS Government interestedAirmail by 1925 (NY – SF)

SAY CHEESE!Before 1880, photography was a profession onlyTime, weight, no photos of moving objectsShots developed immediately Enter George EastmanDevelops paper-based filmFilm sent for processing Eastman goes public with his “film”1888 – Eastman creates Kodak cameraMillions of American are attracted

Section 2

SCHOOLS FOR CHILDRENLate 1800s, laws required 12-16 weeks of schoolBy 1900, almost all children ages 8-14 were schooledReading, writing, arithmeticProblems with teachersNot enough emphasis on subjectsStrict rules, harsh punishmentsKindergartens establishedMore white children than black in schools

GROWTH OF HIGH SCHOOLSIndustrial jobs risingDemand for technical and mechanical skillsHigh Schools rise to 6,000 in US by 1900Curriculum expandsScience, home economics, historyVocational courses for industrial jobsBoth for males and females

EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTSImmigrants encouraged to get schoolingWanted citizenshipMore opportunities in USFree-public schoolingImmigrant children become “Americanized”Adult immigrants attend night school (to learn English)

EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANSAll-black colleges open after Civil WarMerchants, ministers, physicians, teachersHelp of donations, group fundsHoward University, Hampton UniversityBy 1900, only 4,000 African Americans graduated collegeW.E.B. DuBois, first African American doctoral of HarvardDuBois pushed blacks into education for leadership roles

TUSKEGEEBooker T. Washington, born a slaveGraduated Hampton UniversityBelieved blacks more useful in labor jobsTo gain economic valuesWashington opens Tuskegee Institute (Alabama)To enable black graduates in agriculture, domestic, mechanical work

FINE ARTSArt galleries, museums open in major citiesAmerican artist Thomas EakinsEmbraced realismLifelike people in paintingsPennsylvania Academy of Fine ArtsEmployed nude modelsEuropean abstract art replaces realism

POPULAR FICTIONLiteracy rises, intellectual leaders emergeNew books: Westerns, Crime novelsMark Twain: Realistic American lifeThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnCapturing the simple life of America

Section 3

VOTING RESTRICTIONSAfrican American can vote, hold office by 1870Methods devised to weaken their political powerVoting restriction in southLiteracy tests, poll taxes impliedGrandfather clause added: To reinstate white voters who failed literacy testCould not pay poll taxPoll tax and literacy tests said nothing about race

JIM CROW LAWSLaws to separate blacks/whites in public/private facilities“Jim Crow” – a minstrel show character mocking African AmericansSegregation, term used to describe the separationHospitals, parks, transportation

PLESSY v. FERGUSON Homer Plessy (1/8 African American)Denied a seat in RR carLouisiana law challenged segregating passengersPlessy said rights were violatedSupreme Court ruled in favor of RR companyStated 14th Amendment not violatedEqual service was provided“separate” but “Equal”

CONFLICT TO VIOLENCEViolations could provoke punishmentAfrican Americans accused of violation were lynched1885-1900: 2,500 lynched, shot, burnedNo trial, all illegal, mob influencedIda B. Wells fought against racial discrimination

DISCRIMINATION IN NORTHSome African Americans go northBetter jobs, social equalitySimilar racial behaviorSegregated neighborhoodsWork place inequalities

RACE RIOT OF 1900New York CityBlack man killed white police officerRevenge demanded in white communityWhites attacked black throughout the streets115 years later, roles are reversed…Mike Brown (Ferguson, MO)Eric Gardner (NYC)Freddie Gray (Baltimore, MD)

Section 4

AMUSEMENT PARKSPublic recreation expandsAmusement parks on city outskirtsPicnic grounds, variety of rides1st rollercoaster: Coney Island in 18841st Ferris Wheel: Chicago’s World’s Fair in 1893

BICYCLING AND OTHER CRAZESFirst introduced in the 1870s“Safety bikes” in 1885Made bikes saferRubber tires to air-filledSmaller wheelsLeisure activity for men and womenWomen free from chaperoneBy 1890, 10-million bikes sold in USTennis, roller-skating and boxing gain popularity

SNACK TIMEBrand name snacks and drinks emergeHershey chocolate in 1900Coca-Cola in 1886 Atlanta pharmacist John S. Pemberton formulates Coca-ColaOriginally a cure for headaches Peruvian coca leaves and African cola nuts1896, Pepsi-Cola introduced

BASEBALLClub sport to professionalRules established in 1845Teams emerge by 18601st pro team in 1869: Cincinnati Red StockingsCincinnati toured the countryNational League forms in 1876American League forms in 19011st World Series in 1903: Boston Pilgrims vs. Pittsburgh Pirates African Americans excludedHarper’s Weekly called it the new national pastime

THE HONUS WAGNER CARD1909 T-206 Honus Wagner baseball cardAmerican Tobacco Company Wagner forced ATC to stop productionWagner against tobacco salesThe Wagner card was halted in productionOnly 40 were madeLess than ten exist todayCard sold numerous times2007, card sold at auction for $2.35 million dollars

LIVE PERFORMANCESRailroads and Motion PicturesTraveling shows and entertainmentLive performances to small town AmericaPopular performers emerge…Drama: Shakespeare tragediesMelodrama: Improbable escapes and heroes Vaudeville…

VAUDEVILLE•Slapstick comedy, song and dance“An American Invention”Drew large audiencesIt appealed to everyone Barnum and Bailey Circus, the biggest draw1881, “The Greatest Show on Earth”Musicals and black performers debut

RAGTIMEA new genre of musicMix of African American spirituals and European musicalsOriginated in saloons of SouthImmense popularity in New Orleans and ChicagoScott Joplin’s, “Maple Leaf Rag”Influences development of jazz

THE SILVER SCREENMotion picture challenges live performance10-minute reels1903: The Great Train RobberyD.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation (1915)-New fade-outs and blockbuster scenes-Film inflamed racial prejudice Silent Films gain popularityCharlie Chaplin became a star

EXTRA! EXTRA!A way to captivate the massesNews coverage for allSensational headlinesPromotional stuntsJoseph Pulitzer: NY World“Sin, Sex and Sensation”Large Sunday editionWilliam Randolph Hearst: NY Morning JournalExaggerated scandals, cruelty, imaginary tales

THE DEPARTMENT STOREPay attention to the customer!Focused on womenBuy and returnPioneered the “bargain basement”

THE CHAIN STOREGroups of stores under the same ownershipBuying in quantity, limiting personal serviceF.W. Woolworth’s new store…“Five and Dime Store”By 1911, 600 stores nationwide$1 million in merchandise a week

TURN OF THE CENTURY ADVERTISINGBy 1900, $95 million spent on advertisingPrinting pictures of merchandiseMagazine adsBillboard AdvertisingSoaps, cereal, clothing

MAIL-ORDER CATALOGSBringing advertisements to rural AmericaSears and RoebuckProvided in different languagesOrder and deliveryFree delivery by postal serviceBy 1910, 10 million customers by mailLike Amazon in 2015