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Chapter 15 – The Family
• Socialization = teaching beliefs & customs
• Who socializes children?
- Parents
- Teachers
- Siblings/extended family
- Peers
- Media
Cultural Influences
• Cultures - specific beliefs & behaviors
• Universals
- in behaviors children learn
- in parents’ goals
Give Take Away
Positive Positive Response
Reinforcement Cost &
Time Out
Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcement
= rewarding behavior
- goal = increase good behavior
**- best way to increase desired behavior
- social vs. physical/tangible reinforcers
- social are best
- less expensive
- no need to remove
- positive social interaction
Especially ineffective if:
- delayed
- too mild or too intense
- inconsistent
- parents are not otherwise warm/loving
• Response Cost/Time Out
= remove something positive
(attention, privileges, tangible things)
- goal: decrease negative behavior
** best method
- must be administered properly
• Negative Reinforcement
- NOT punishment
= remove something aversive
- goal: increase positive behavior
- ineffective & negative strategy
• Can increase positive behavior
- give a positive (positive reinforcement)
- remove negative (negative reinforcement)
• Can decrease negative behavior
- give a negative (punishment)
- remove a positive (reponse cost)
• Therapy with behaviorally-disturbed children/parents
Parent Behavioral Training (PBT)
- teach parents more effective strategies
• Outcome
- continued tantrums
- parent gives in
- parent teaches kid to have tantrum to get own way
Other Processes
• Reciprocal Influence
- kid & parent influence each other
- 1940s-50s: blame parent
• Shaping
- gradually reinforce closer approximations to the goal
- parents & teachers often dislike
Warmth
High Low
High AuthoritativeAuthoritarian
Control
Low Indulgent- Indifferent-
Permissive Uninvolved
• *Authoritative
= firm & loving
- rules with discussion
- responsive to child’s needs
- kids’ outcomes are best
- “energetic-friendly”
• Authoritarian
= traditional; parents set rules
- kids’ outcome: no initiative, lower grades & self-esteem
- but few behavioral problems
- “conflicted-irritable”
• Indulgent-Permissive
= few rules, rarely punish
- very warm & involved
- kids’ outcome: immature, poor self-control, poor academically
- but good self-esteem
- “impulsive-aggressive”
• Indifferent-Uninvolved
= reduced time & effort parenting
- psychologically distant
- kids’ outcome: little emotional control; most behavioral problems, probably worst self-esteem
- hostile & rebellious as teens
• Summary:
- parenting style is strongly related to child behavior/outcome
- moderate control and much warmth is best (love and limits)
• Effects on Parents
- angry
- isolated
- financial problems
- moms: edgy, impatient, punitive
- dads: permissive & indulgent
• Children
- angry, depressed & afraid
- guilty (preschoolers)
- blame parents (adolescents)
- whiny & disobedient
- problems at school & with peers
- vicious cycle between parent & child
• Sex differences
- worse on boys than girls
- more behavioral problems, longer to recover
- BUT may be easier to see boys’ problems
- boys/girls better if live with same-sex parent
• Long-term effects
- no clear evidence of when is best
- better if friends from divorce
- less optimistic about own marriage
Remarriage
• Positive: better finances, partner
• Negative: initial conflict & change
• Sex difference: boys adjust better to stepfather
• Stepmothers: tougher job initially because of active childrearing role
• Younger children adapt better
Siblings• Relationships
- much conflict- less conflict among same-sex pairs
- relationship is more positive than negative- older siblings more domineering
+ more helpful/playful- sibling relations are closer/warmer + more conflictual
Birth Order
• First-born children
- treated differently by parents & have different experiences
- more likely to feel sibling rivalry
Outcomes related to birth order
• Success
- first-borns
• Popularity
- later-borns
• Individual differences
Only Children
• Not spoiled & selfish
• More obedient & socially skilled
• High self-esteem, low anxiety
• Independent
• Competent: higher in IQ/achievement
• China
- teachers rated only kids same as others
- parents rated only girls as depressed, moody, & temperamental
- peers rated only children as more selfish, less cooperative, less liked
Abuse & Neglect
Types
• Physical abuse
- physical injury
• Sexual abuse
- ANY sexual activity with a child
Risk Factors
• Child factors
- behavior/temperament problems
- premature birth/illness/deformities
- male for physical, female for sexual
• Parent factors
- history of abuse
- poor peer relations as a child
- low self-esteem
- low IQ
- poor interpersonal skills
- inability to control anger
• Family/system factors
- marital discord & divorce
- single parenthood
- poverty
- unemployment
- social isolation
- divorce
Outcomes of Abuse
• Personality
- passive & obedient
- negative, hostile
- low self-esteem, withdrawn
- difficulty with trust & attachment
- worse for sexual abuse