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A Developmental Transition Initiation Coming of Age Rituals: Common
Example: Apache Tribes, 4-Day Chanting Celebration
Passage of ChildhoodAdulthood Marked by period of time rather than a single-
event ADOLESCENCE (encompassing years between 11-19)
“Developmental transition involving physical, cognitive, emotional and social transformations” Changes can vary by factors (cultural, social, economic)
Puberty: Important physical change
A Time of Risks and Opportunities Early Adolescence (approximately ages 11-14)
Opportunities for Growth Of course Physical, but don’t forget these….
Cognitive and Social Competence, Autonomy, Self-Esteem and Intimacy.
Period of RISKS Some adolescents may need help:
coping&dealing w/changes Face environmental hazards –National Center
of Health Statistics Risky BX reflects Immaturity of the Mind
Puberty Begins w/ Hormonal Changes Involves dramatic biological changes Result of heightened production
II Stages Adrenarche: Adrenal gland Gonadarche: Reproductive organs
Stage I Adrenarche: (beginning age 7-8)
Adrenal Glands: secrete increased levels of ANDROGENS
Specifically: DHEA – Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA Plays a part in many different growths
Body Hair (P,A,F) Overall Body Growth Oilier Skin AND, best of all…. Body Odor
Stage II Maturation of sex organs triggers burst numero 2
of DHEA production (rising to adult levels) Gonadarche
Girls: Ovaries increase Estrogen output Stimulates growth of : Female genitals, breasts and pubic and ax. hair.
Boys: Testes increase manufacture of androgens Particularly Testosterone
Genitals, muscle mass, and body hair.
Note: Hormones present in both genders but one has more than the other.
Testosterone: Plays part in the development of reproductive organs, in both males and females.
Interesting note: Several Studies (first sexual attraction)
Time of Increased Hormonal Production… Correlates with appropriate body fat
Necessary for reproduction (successfully)
Leptin, a hormone identified as having a role in over-weight, may trigger the onset of puberty by signaling the brain that sufficient fat has accumulated.
Accumulation within bloodstream may stimulate the HYPOTHALAMUS
Sending signals to Pituitary gland signal sex glands to increase hormone secretion.
Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity Changes that herald puberty 8 in girls and
9 in boys
Pubertal Process- Usually 3-4 years
African and Mexican American girls enter puberty earlier than white girls. Reported as early as age 6.
Primary/Secondary Sex Characteristics Primary Sex Characteristics: Organs Necessary for
Reproduction Girls: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, clitoris, uterus, and vagina. Boys: Testes, Penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and
prostate gland Organs enlarge and mature for both sexes
Secondary Sex Characteristics: Physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve the sex organs
Example: Girls: Breasts Male: Broad shoulders
**Changes unfold in a sequence that is much more consistent than their timing.
1st Signs of Puberty Girls: Typically breast tissue and pubic hair
Nipples, Areolae, Conical Round Shape
Boys: Enlargement of testes and pubic hair Pubic hair- silky, smooth dark, coarse; voice Adolescent Growth Spurt- characterized by a rapid
increase in height, weight, and muscle and bone growth that occurs during puberty. Begins around….and lasts about 2 years.
Girls: age 10; Boys: 12 or 13 G: Taller, heavier and stronger than boys at ages 11-13
***After their growth spurt, boys are again larger, as before
Signs of Sexual Maturity Maturation: Menstruation and Sperm Production
Menarche and Spermarche Spermarche
Occurs at AVG age of 13. Wet Dream= Nocturnal Emmission
Connection with Erotic Dreams EJACULATION
Menarche Occurs late in seq. of female development
Time varies: 10-16 ½ Overtime, 1st menstruation has occurred progressively earlier
Age 14 in 1900 compared to age 12, currently. Secular Trend p425
MENSTURATION
Psychological Effects of Early/Late Maturation Time of Maturation tends to predict:
Adolescent Mental Health & Mental-Health Bx in adulthood
Boys: Prefer to mature early, resulting in high self-esteem, poise, composure, relaxation, good-natured along with a popular/less impulsive attitude than late maturers. 426
Girls: Prefer maturation occurrence in conjunction with their peers. If not, may tend to be less sociable, less expressive, and less poised; more introverted and shy; and more negative about menarche than later maturing girls.
Low self-esteem can arise from the formation of breasts
**Among both boys and girls, early maturers are more vulnerable to risky behavior and influence of deviant peers.
Adolescent BrainStudies reveal adolescent brain as still being a work in progress. Dramatic changes in brain structure involved with
-emotion-judgment-organization of bx-self-control
.. Can take place during puberty-Usage of particular parts of the brain within adolescence compared to adulthood may provide insight on why adolescents’ make unwise choices Immature brain development <pg427>
-After growth spurt, the portion of grey matter located within the pre-frontal cortex is significantly smaller, due to synaptic pruning.
unused: destroyedused: strengthened
Physical and Mental Health Exercise affects both physical and
mental health of adolescent. Lots of benefits in sport participation Health problems reduced 1/3 Hschoolers don’t engage in enough p.a.
Loss of Sleep insomnia due to sleep patterns Melatonin
Nutrition and Eating Disorders Obesity is a significant problem- pg 430 Sometimes the determination not to
become overweight can yield additional problems
Body Image Problems and Media and Social Influences <431>- Anorexia Nervosa/ Bulimia Nervosa
Abnormal food-intake patters Including constant use of laxatives, erratic eating,
self-starvation, binge eating, etc.
Anorexia Nervosa Typically beginning in Adolescence, characterized
by an obsessive preoccupation with being thin. Anorexics: 15 below NBW, have a distorted body
image and think they’re fat. 2 Types (R&P)
(1) Self-starvation, often accompanied by compulsive, excessive exercise.***
(2) binge eating, purging or both along with laxatives.**** -Highest death-rate/suicide rate of any mental
disorder. Wear and tear on body medical complications
Bulimia Nervosa In bulimia Nervosa, a person regularly goes on
huge eating binges within a short time, usually 2 hours or less, and then may try to undo the high caloric intake with self-induced vomiting, strict dieting or fasting, excessively vigorous exercise, or laxatives, enemas, or diuretics to purge the body. Not abnormally underweight (may even be
overweight) More common than anorexia (3%men/women) Little evidence of bulimia historically
Obsessed with their weight and shape.
Use and Abuse of Drugs Substance abuse: harmful use of alcohol or other
drugs Can lead to substance dependence (addiction)
Physiological Psychological, or both.
Addictive drugs are especially dangerous in adolescence bc they stimulate pars of brain that are changing in adolescence
Negatively impacting development of child Risk factors: difficult temperament; poor impulse control
and a tendency to seek out sensation; family influences (genetic predisposition) ; early and persistent bx problems (particularly aggression); academic failure. -Early use leads to greater tendency for drug abuse
Influences on Smoking/Drinking As with hard drugs, the influence of older
siblings and their friends increases the likelihood of tobacco and alcohol use in younger adolescents. Counteracted by:
Rational Discussion with Parents Discouraging or limiting drinking
Media Influences Depictions of smoking/drinking and other drug
use increase and influence likelihood of adolescent participation in such acts
Depression Characterized by irritability, boredom
and/or inability to experience pleasure. Subject to Depression : Girls> Boys
During Maturation
Risk Factors: Anxiety, fear of social contact, stressful life events,
chronic illnesses such as diabetes or epilepsy, parent-child conflict, abuse or neglect, alcohol and drug use, sexual activity, and having a parent w/ history of depression.
1:5 Bipolar (mania, depressive)
Death in Adolescence 2006: 71% of adolescent death (ages 10-24) due to
Motor vehicle crashes, homicide, unintentional injuries, and suicide.
Suicide- readily available guns Generally, boys 5X more successful
GLBT- unusually high suicide rates and attempted suicide rates
Young people engaging in suicidal acts have histories of emotional illness, typically.
Can be reduced by the presence of: sense of connectedness to family and school, emotional well-being, and academic achievement.
Telephone Hotlines- Common Intervention
Protective Factors: Health in Context Study of 12,118
7-12th Graders- looked at risk/protective factors affecting four major aspects of adolescence.
Emotional Distress and Suicidal Bx Involvement in fighting, threats of violence, or use of
weapons Use of cigarettes, alcohol and Marijuana Sexual experience, including age of sexual initiation and any
history of pregnancy.
Adolescence who get emotional support at home and are well-adjusted at school have the best chances of avoiding the health hazards of adolescence