Chapter 14Chapter 14WATER WATER

ResourcesResources

Chapter 14Chapter 14page 425: 2-3page 425: 2-3page 434: 1-3page 434: 1-3page 443: 1-2page 443: 1-2page 448: 18-20page 448: 18-20

Goals for ChapterGoals for Chapter

Describe where Earth’s water Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. resources are located.

How is Earth’s water a limited How is Earth’s water a limited resource?resource?

How can we manage our water How can we manage our water resources better?resources better?

What are the main causes and What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?impacts of water pollution?

Discus with your table group and put the nswer in the back of your exit ticket.

1)Why is chlorine added to drinking water and wastewater treatment plants?

2)What was recently found in a local areas drinking water supply? It was in the news last summer and fall frequently.

Overarching Enduring Understandings

Water is a limited natural resource and we must be vigilant in our protection and conservation of this resource.

How many bodies of water can you identify/locate?

Is there more or less water on Earth today then there was 1 billion years ago?

Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

Water is a powerful force on Earth’s surface

Water is critical to life…how long Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?can you survive without it?

It is a precious resource we often take for granted

It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the Xkeken cenote in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

Why Does Ice Float?Why Does Ice Float?

Why is the ocean cool Why is the ocean cool even when its 100 even when its 100

degrees out?degrees out?

How Can Water Make It How Can Water Make It All The Way To The Top All The Way To The Top

Of TreesOf Trees

Section 1: Water Section 1: Water ResourcesResources

GOALS:GOALS: Describe the location of water on Describe the location of water on

Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?”How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited Explain why freshwater is a limited

resource.resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, TERMS: surface water, river system,

watershed, groundwater, aquifer, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cyclewater cycle

Water Is UniqueWater Is Unique Can’t live withoutCan’t live without Takes long time to Takes long time to

change temperaturechange temperature Stays liquid over Stays liquid over

large range of large range of temps.temps.

Expands when Expands when freezesfreezes

Great at dissolving Great at dissolving thingsthings

Commonly found as Commonly found as solid, liquid and gassolid, liquid and gas

Known as theUNIVERSAL SOLVENT

Water CycleWater Cycle

Water CycleWater CycleThe water cycle is:The water cycle is:

1.1. the continual the continual process by which process by which water moves through water moves through living and nonliving living and nonliving parts of our world.parts of our world.

2.2. Solar Powered – SUN Solar Powered – SUN DRIVENDRIVEN

3.3. Renewable ResourceRenewable Resource

Where is water found?Where is water found?

1. 75% of earth is covered in water2. 97% of that is in oceans3.0.05% is available for USE4.the remaining 3% fresh, mainly

in ice caps and glaciers.

Surface WaterSurface WaterFresh water on Earth’s Fresh water on Earth’s

landland

1.1. RiversRivers

2.2. LakesLakes

3.3. StreamsStreams

4.4. PondsPonds

5.5. Critical for: drinking, Critical for: drinking, transportation, waste transportation, waste

removal, industry, food, removal, industry, food,

farming, recreation farming, recreation

Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river

Watershed is also known as a drainage basin

A DIVIDE is the ridge that separates water sheds or water basins: If you think about this is common sense. Gravity makes water flow down hill so the highest ridge divides the basins

Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S.How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana?

Did You Know?Did You Know? The Mississippi River Basin The Mississippi River Basin covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the contiguous US.contiguous US.

Did You Know?Did You Know? The Mississippi River Basin The Mississippi River Basin covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the contiguous US.contiguous US.

World’s River Systems and Watershed

Groundwater

Water beneath Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil

Groundwater

What is a recharge zone?

Recharge zone is the surface area surrounding an aquifer where water in the form of precipitation or surface water replenishes the groundwater supply

Aquifer

Aquifer is an underground rock formation containing waterImportant source of water

Porosity

How much space (pores) or holes found in rock

Where water can flow through

Porous rock can hold lots of water

Aeration vs SaturationZone of Aeration: pore spaces partially filled with water.Zone of Saturation: pore spaces completely filled with water

The water table is where the two zones meet. If you dig a hole and it fills with water you are at the water table

Permeable vs. Impermeable

The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it

Sand and gravel are permeable

Clay and blacktop are impermeable

Section 1 REVIEW

Describe the location of water on Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

How does the water cycle “work?”How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited Explain why freshwater is a limited

resource.resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, TERMS: surface water, river system,

watershed, groundwater, aquifer, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cyclewater cycle

Section 2 : Water Use and Management

GOALS: Identify how water is used in home,

industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated

before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam,

reservoir, desalinization

One third of all the One third of all the people on Earth are people on Earth are affected by water affected by water shortages.shortages.

One third of all the One third of all the people on Earth are people on Earth are affected by water affected by water shortages.shortages.

How Much Water Do You Use

Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

What can you learn from this chart?

How Much Water Is Needed

http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/

Your water footprinthttp://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/water-footprint-calculator/

Making Water SafePotable: safe to drink(Amoeba found in the

water)

Most water needs to be treated. Chlorine is used to kill pathogens: organisms that cause diseases

Bacteria, viruses, worms

Uses of WaterIndustrial Water

Use 19% of

worldwide water use

Cooling power plants

To make “stuff”

Uses of WaterAgriculture: 67% of worldwide

water use Irrigation: providing

water to plants 80 gallons to

produce 1 ear of corn

1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.

LOTS OF WATER

Irrigation

Irrigation

Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

As much as 80% normally evaporates

Water Management

Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years

Engineering

Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

Desalinization

Removing salt from salt water

Has a lot of promise

Very energy intensive

Very expensive What to do with

waste? Future? DESALINATION

Water ConservationFastest, easiest way

to increase water supplies is to use less water

Agriculture Industry At homeWhat are some ways

you can conserve water?

Discus with your table group and put the answer in the back of your exit ticket.

1)Why is chlorine added to drinking water and wastewater treatment plants?

2)What was recently found in a local areas drinking water supply? It was in the news last summer and fall frequently.

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Reduces Flooded land which destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Reduces Flooded land which destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Downstream flooding is reducedDownstream flooding is reduced

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Migration and spawning of some fish are disruptedMigration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

Pros and Cons of DamsPROS of Dams in Blue boxes

CONS of Dams in white boxesCONS of Dams in white boxes

Dams and ReservoirsReservoir: an artificial

lake often behind a dam that provides water and recreation for people.

PROS of Dams:1. Flood control 2. Recreation3. Supply water4. Generate electricity

Dams and ReservoirsCONS of Dams:1. Large water loss from

evaporation2. Downstream flooding

reduced3. Downstream crops deprived

of nutirents and silt and sediment

4. Migrating spawning fish disrupted

Too Much Water: FloodsToo Much Water: Floods

Natural Events: Natural Events: heavy rainfall, heavy rainfall, melting snow melting snow are major are major causes of causes of flooding. flooding.

Floodplain: the Floodplain: the natural area natural area around a river around a river where flooding where flooding normally occurs. normally occurs.

Too Much Water: FloodsToo Much Water: Floods

Reducing Reducing Flooding is Flooding is harmful:harmful:

1.1. Removing Removing wetlandswetlands

2.2. Building levees Building levees 3.3. Making more Making more

land land impermeable impermeable (development)(development)

Section 2 Review Identify how water is used in home,

industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is

treated before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water

supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam,

reservoir, desalinization

Section 3: Water PollutionGOALS:

Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution

Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution

Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater

What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source,

non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.

WHO:WHO: 3.4 million 3.4 million

premature deaths premature deaths each year from each year from waterborne waterborne diseasesdiseases

1.9 million die 1.9 million die from diarrhea from diarrhea

U.S. 1.5 million U.S. 1.5 million illnessesillnesses

Water Pollution and Water Pollution and HealthHealth

What is Water Pollution?

Water Pollution: is the introduction of any chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it.

Point Source

Pollution coming from one single place

1. Leaking tanker2. Pipe from a

factory3. Leaking

underground storage tank

4. Can easily be ID and traced

Point Sources are usually easily identified

Non-Point SourceComes from various

sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area

1. Runoff from farms2. Runoff from cities3. Hard to ID4. Hard t o control5. HUGE PROBLEM

How can a farmer in Minnesota affect the Gulf of Mexico?

NON-Point Pollution

Minnesota is located in the Mississippi River watershed so rain that falls in Minnesota eventually moves as runoff into tributaries of the Mississippi river. Fertilizer and pesticides that are applied to a farm in Minnesota run off into the Mississippi River and carried to the Gulf of Mexico. The increase in fertilizers and pesticides can cause nutrient and chemical pollution which affects the fish and shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico.

6 Types of Water Pollution

1)Wastewater2)Eutrophication3)Thermal Pollution4)Groundwater5)Ocean6)Sediment

Types of Water Pollution1) Wastewater

Water that flows down the drain

1. What’s in it?2. Where does it go?

(out-of-sight, out-of-mind)

3. Is it harmful?

Wastewater Treatment

2) Eutrophication

Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water

1. Causes “dead zones” in water

2. Little or no oxygen

3) Thermal Pollution

Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly

1. Power plants2. Factories cooling

equipment 3. Causes fish kills4. Decreases oxygen

in water

4) Groundwater Pollution

Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution

1. Fertilizers, pesticides, leaking underground tanks

2. Many leaking underground tanks

5) Ocean PollutionPollutants directly or

indirectly put into oceans

1. Oil spills2. Runoff3. River pollution4. Cruise Ships5. Development along

coasts6. Increasingly a

problem

6)6) Sediment Pollution Sediment PollutionUnusually large Unusually large

amounts of sediment amounts of sediment that change an that change an aquatic environment aquatic environment

1.1. Sediment pollution Sediment pollution results from erosion.results from erosion.

2.2. Can degrade water Can degrade water quality, cause quality, cause photosynthesis rates photosynthesis rates to decline, and to decline, and disrupt food websdisrupt food webs

April 11, 2014 Discuss quickly with your group – Someone will report out:Describe why cleaning up ground water ground water pollution is more difficult than surface water pollution.

What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

1.Groundwater pollution is difficult to monitor because it is hidden from view therefore the groundwater pollution if not seen until the water supply has been affected.

2.Rivers flow very quickly allowing the pollutants to flush out but it takes groundwater years to flush out.

3.Groundwater is much more difficult to get to and more difficult and very expensive to clean up.

Cleaning Up Water Pollution

Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.”

1. Fishable and Swim able2. Better, but… still many polluted

water bodies

Cleaning Up Water Pollution

1. 1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire

2. 1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act

3. 1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

4. “A Civil Action”: Woburn MASS

Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act

1.1. 54 countries have 54 countries have drinking water lawsdrinking water laws

2.2. SDWA passed 1974 SDWA passed 1974 requires EPA to set requires EPA to set drinking water drinking water standards standards

3.3. Maximum Maximum Contaminating Contaminating Levels (MCLs)Levels (MCLs)

Review Water PollutionGOALS: Compare point-sources and non-point

sources of water pollution Describe the 5 classifications of water

pollution Explain why it is difficult to clean up

groundwater What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source,

non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

Discuss with your table group and put the answer in the back of your exit ticket.

1)Explain how diverting the Mississippi River with Levees, flood gates and the MRGO (Mississippi River Gulf Outlet) has harmed Louisiana’s wetlands and contributes to Wetland loss and erosion.