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Chapter 14 The Civil War
The Deep South leaves the Union
South Carolina Dec 20 Mississippi Jan 9 Florida Jan 10 Alabama Jan 11 Georgia Jan 19 Louisiana Jan 26 Texas Feb 1
President Vice President
Jefferson Alexander Davis Stephens
No state has the right to secede, but I have no authority to stop them
Crittenden’s Compromise
Amendment to guarantee slavery south of 36 ° 30’For all future territorial gains
Rejected by Republicans
Confederates want all Federal property within their borders
Two places they haven’t gotten:
Fort Pickens - Pensacola
Fort Sumter – South Carolina
Lincoln needs to get supplies to fort-will send only food
South’s problem:Allow food & look like they are giving in
Stop it & start war
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
Charleston Harbor
P.G.T. Beauregard
Robert Anderson
Abner Doubleday
Theories on Civil War
*Charles Beard - 2nd American Revolution
*James Randall - The Blundering Generation
North SouthPopulation
61% 39%
RR mileage
66%
67%
Farms
Wealth Produces
Factories
75%
81%
34%
33%
25%
19%
The North Produces:
32 times amount of Firearms 20 times Pig Iron 13 times Sheet Iron 11 times Ships 30 times Shoes/Boots 24 times Locomotives
ADVANTAGES
North
*More !!!
*Established government
South
*Military Background
*fight Defensive
*Didn’t have to win
How the North paid for the War
*Taxes – 1st income tax
*Greenbacks – not backed by gold/silver 64 - 39% of gold
65 – 67%*Loans – bonds private $400 m Banks $2.6 b
How the South paid for the War
*Taxes – only 5%
*Printed Money
At start 90% of gold 1863 6% 1865 < 1%
Inflation
1863 1865
$1 lb meat $5
$50 barrel flour $1000
Confederate private $11 per month
Manpower
At start of war US Army has 16,000 men
Congress calls for 500,000 volunteers for 3 years
Some state units select officers
By 1863 North is forced to go to a draft
Could hire a sub or pay $300
North will have 2 million in uniform
New York Draft Riots
July 1863
~100 killed
South will switch to draft in 1862
All white males 18-35 for 3 yearsCould also buy way out
Have 900,000 serve
Transition to Modern War
*Use of Railroad & Telegraph
*Use of factories & transition to war economy
*Rifle changes tactics
Enfield P53 Rifle
Sharp’s 1859 Rifle
80 yards
Musket
300 yards
Rifle
Henry Carbine
Spencer Carbine
Strategy
King CottonKING COTTON
Anaconda Plan
*blockade the coast *control Mississippi River *capture key points
War in the East
Lincoln has to pick a commander
Winfield Scott too old and fat
He recommends his old adjutant
Lincoln offers command, but is turned down
Irwin McDowell
1st Bull Run
Manassas Junction
July 21, 1861
PGT Beauregard
&
Joseph Johnston
Manassas Junction
“There stands Jackson like a stonewall”
George McClellan
Peninsula Campaign
Quaker Guns
Robert E. Lee
John Pope
Headquarters in the saddle
2nd Battle of Bull Run
*Pope tries to catch Jackson
*Longstreet surprises Pope
*McClellan does nothing
James Longstreet
Mac is Back!
Antietam
*Lee moves North
*Lost Order
*Bloodiest day of war
Miller’s Cornfield
The Cornfield
Sunken Road
Sunken Road
Dunker’s Church
Approximate Numbers
Union Confederate Total
Killed 2,100 1,550 3,650
Wounded 9,550 7,750 17,300
Missing/Captured
750 1,020 1,770
Total 12,400 10,320 22,720
War in the West
Ulysses S. Grant
Fort HenryFort HenryFeb 6,1862
Fort DonelsonFeb 16
Fort Donelson
Confederates decide to consolidate their scattered troops and surprise Grant
Confederate forces under Albert Sidney Johnston attack at Shiloh April 6-7 1862
The morning attack is a complete surprise
Grant is not with the troops
Grant is able to stop the retreat with the help of William Sherman and extra troop brought in
Confederates lose focus when Johnston is killed
Grant attacks the next day and drive the Confederate army back until they retreat
While it is a Union victory, the heavy losses shock the North and there are charges that Grant was surprised because he was drunk
David Faragut captures New Orleans for the North
April 1862
Monitor vs. Merrimack
Ambrose Burnside
Battle of FredericksburgDecember 13, 1862
Marye Heights
Casualties
Union 12,653
Confederate 5,309
Battle of Chancellorsville
Stonewall Jackson
killed
George Meade
Battle of Gettysburg
John Buford
McPherson’s Farm
Buford & Reynolds
John Burns
Joshua Chamberlain
George Pickett
Lewis Armistead
Fence at Emmitsburg Road
Vicksburg
Grant moves to rescue Union troops at Chattanooga and control Tennessee
Wins battles at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge
Missionary Ridge
Grant given overall command of Union forces
William Sherman in charge of West
William Tecumseh Sherman
While grant shadows Lee in the East, Sherman moves on Atlanta
Sherman mainly fights war of maneuver and only tries one frontal assault
March to the Sea
Grant goes East
Battle of the Wilderness
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Siege of Petersburg
Wilmer McLean’s Home
Appomattox Court House
Lincoln Expands Power of Presidency during War
*Sends troops into battle w/o declaration of war *Increases size of army w/o Congress *Proclaims blockade
*Suspends Habeas Corpus
Peace Democrats
CopperheadsClement Vallandigham
Lincoln ignores Supreme Court ruling to release
secessionist leader
Ex parte Merryman
1866 Ex parte Milligan
Can’t use military courts where civilian courts are
operating
Committee for the Conduct of the War
*Joint committee *Dominated by the Republicans *Felt war not fought hard enough *Dislike non-Republican generals *Want more movement on slavery
ELECTION of 1864
Lincoln McClellan
EmancipationRepublicans split
Radicals-immediate
Conservative-gradual
Thaddeus
Stevens
Benjamin
Wade
Charles
Sumner
Zachary
Chandler
Congress passes two Confiscation Acts
*frees slaves used to support insurrection
*frees slaves owned by persons aiding insurrection
1862 Lincoln changes focus of war
Write Emancipation Proclamation
Waits for win to issue it:Antietam
SOUTHDied of States Rights
ECONOMICSNorth
*Coal production up*Railroads expand*loss of farm labor
*encourages mechanization
South*Planters cut off from markets*white labor force in army*production down 1/3
US Sanitary Commission
Domestic Issues
Homestead Act - 1862
*Claim 160 acres
*Live for 5 years
*Dig a well
*Plow at least 10 acres
*Build a house
Morrill Act – 1862
•Gives each state 30,000 acres of public land for each Rep.
•Sale of land to establish ‘land grant’ colleges
Transcontinental Railroad
*Union Pacific - build west from Omaha
*Central Pacific - build east from California
