Chapter 14“The Age of Nation States”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

I. Liberalism in 19th C Ru

A. Ru’s Social Structure

1. boyars = landowning elites

2. serfs = unpaid labor

a) peasants, servants, even some factory workers

B. Tsars

1. 1848 - Nicholas I – “the savior of absolutism”

a) 1853 - Crimean War

- Ru vs.Ot

- Fr + Br join Ot

- Au + Pr neutral

- Ru - Poorly equipped, disorganized troops

- image of invincible Ru crushed

- defeat for Ru = wake-up call

2. 1855 – Alexander II

- “tsar liberator”

- 1861 - serfs are freed but remain poor

- welcomes industrialization

- 1881 – terrorists “The People’s Will” assassinate Alexander II

3. Alexander III

- the return of repression

- all critics sent to Siberia

- Russification, Anti-Semitism

- industrialization = Marxist ideas become popular

“Italy is simply a geographical expression.”

– Klemens von Metternich

“I have discovered the art of deceiving diplomats. I tell them the truth and they never believe me.”

-Count Cavour, Italian Nationalist

II. Nationalism in U.S., Italy, and G

A. United States

1. By 1860, Nationalism dividing country (N&S)

B. Italy

1. Sardinia – King Victor Emmanuel and Count Cavour = similar to N III politically, want Italian unification

2. Papal States and RCC – against unification

3. 1858 – N III and Sardinia alliance coaxes Au into war over Lombardy

4. N III abandons alliance

5. Cavour in North Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi in South work to unite all of Italy

6. By 1870, Italian city-states unify constitutional monarchy under Sardinian Victor Emmanuel

Monument to Victor Emmanuel, Rome

ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, NYC— All rights

reserved

C. Germany

1. Au/Pr rivalry and competition for power

a) Zollverein – G city-states economic union, Au not included

b) Pr- industrialization = middle class growing

2. Influenced by Italian unification

3. Otto von Bismarck (OvB) named prime minister of Pr by Kaiser (King) William I of Pr

- OvB doesn’t have to work w/Pr parliament

- OvB orders new taxes, huge military

- OvB criticizes Au, gains favor w/S G city states

- 1866 OvB wins Au/Pr war over Schleswig-Holstein

- 1867 North German Confederation is created

- N + S G hesitant to unify (Prot vs RCC diff)

- OvB starts Fr/Pr war, gets S G support

- Pr wins, N III captured, Alsace-Lorraine to Pr

- Fr humiliated, angered, vengeful

- 1871 - - OvB genius, invincible Pr army

= G nationalism, unification, POWER!

Europe after G Unification in 1871

Chapter 16“Toward the Modern World”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

I. Rise of Public Education

A. 1775 - Mandatory elementary school in most of Eu

B. 1900 – 85% literacy in W Eu, 60% in E Eu

II. Evolution

A. On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

1. formulates principle of natural selection, which explained how species evolved over time

2. survival of the fittest

3. To some, theory undermines the existence of God

B. Descent of Man by Charles Darwin

1. Darwin applies principle of evolution to human beings

C. Social Darwinism

1. applying Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to human society and competition between nations