Chapter 14Part 4

The Impact of the Reformation on Women and

the Counter Reformation

Protestant Women Luther: a woman’s place is in the

home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon!

Luther DID promote the idea that all of us had a special calling to our occupations…so all women had a calling to be home makers

Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order

Marriage Protestant churches had greater

official control over marriage than the Catholic church did

Protestant suppressed common law marriages

Catholic governments followed the Protestant example

Marriage Marriage became more

companionate…emphasis on love

Luther and his wife, Katerina von Bora, served as a good example of a companionate marriage

Luther: sex to be enjoyed Catholic Church: sex only for

procreation

Increased women’s literacy

The emphasis on all being able to read the Bible worked in favor of increased women’s education

Religion was the most appropriate subject for women to study

Women were expected to teach their children so

Schools for girls appeared

Philip Melanchthon …Confessions of Augsburg guy

Played a huge role in establishing schools for girls in the Protestant German states

BUT Protestant women did not have the opportunity the Catholic women had in terms of serving the Church

Status of Women Continued to diminish Women gradually lost rights to

manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name

Catholic Women Continued opportunities to serve the

Church through religious orders

Angela Merici : founded the Ursuline order of nuns in the 1530’s to provide education and religious training for girls

Wanted to combat heresy through Christian education

Order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1544

Much activity in France and the New World

Catholic Women Teresa de Avila (Spanish) Leader in

the reform movement for monasteries and convents

Believed that an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation

Had visions of saints

The Catholic Reformationand Counter Reformation

Two movements at first but merged by 1560

Catholic Reformation began with Pope Julius II in 1517 with the Laterine Council: To clarify Catholic doctrine. Produced the doctrine of Transubstantiation

(Hus) and continued with Adrian VI (unusual Dutch Pope)

Counter Reformation: a reaction to Protestantism: how to bring ‘em back to the Catholic Church

Pope Paul III Was the most important Pope in

reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism

Was not interested in new doctrines but in improving existing doctrines to improve Church discipline

Goal was twofold: to respond to critics within the Church regarding Church abuses AND to respond to the gains of Protestantism

The Council of Trent 1545-1563

Three sessions Established Catholic dogma for the

next 4 centuries

Outcomes of the Council of Trent

1. Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers

2. Salvation by good works and faith3. All 7 sacraments valid4. Transubstantiation was reaffirmed5. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy,

and purgatory were reaffirmed

Outcomes of Trent6. Approved the Index of Forbidden

Books Books that supported Protestantism or

that were overly critical of the Church (like those of Erasmus) were banned from Catholic countries

Severe punishments for anyone possessing a book on the list

More outcomes…7. Church reforms: abuses in the sale

of indulgences, sale of Church offices curtailed

8. Bishops given more control over clergy: were callings genuine?

9. Seminaries established to train priests

10. Valid marriages were public marriages

11. Established the Papal Inquisition (in the Papal States, parts of Italy. 6 Cardinals given full powers

New Religious Orders 1540 The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Founder: Ignatious Loyola Organized order in military fashion

Spiritual Exercises used to train Jesuits

3 Goals: Reform the Church through education Preach Gospel to pagan peoples Fight Protestantism

The Jesuits Beginning in 1542 oversaw the Italian

and the Spanish Inquisition

In Spain: persecution of Moriscos and Christian Jews who were suspected of “Backsliding”

In Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing the Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in Ghettos in Papal states

The persecution of Jews increased all over Europe

Eastern Europe Remained Catholic as well as

Southern German States, Spain, Portugal, 10 of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands (now Belgium), Italy

Jesuit schools among the finest in Europe

Results of the Reformation

Western European Christian Unity was shattered

BUT religious enthusiasm was rekindled

Church abuses were finally curtailed

Religious wars to follow

The rise of Baroque Art (began as part of the Catholic Reformation

Baroque Art Began as part of the Catholic

Reformation To teach and demonstrate in an

(emotional way) the awesome glory and power of the Catholic Church

Was encouraged by the Papacy, the Jesuits

Was big in France, Flanders, Austria, S. Germany and Poland

Later spread to Protestant countries and regions

Baroque Art Tried to overwhelm the viewer Emphasized grandeur, emotion,

movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme

Was literally HUGE Will later be used by monarchs to

emphasize THEIR power and glory (Louis XIV & Versailles)

Architecture and Sculpture

Bernini (1598-1650) baroque architect and sculptor Emotion AND motion

Many fountains throughout Rome The Colonnade in front of St. Peter’s

Basilica in Rome (his greatest architectural achievement)

The Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa his altarpiece evokes tremendous emotion

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Bernini’s David

The Colonnade (Bernini)

Baroque painting Broad areas of light and shadow Color: more true to nature Concerned with overall dynamic

effect: not so concerned with clarity of detail

Designed to give the viewer a spontaneous personal experience

Carvaggio (Roman) 1571-1610

First important Baroque painter Highly emotional scenes Sharp contrasts of light and dark for

dramatic effect Sometimes used ordinary people for

models for Biblical scenes (and was criticized for it)

Adoration of the Shepherds

Peter Paul Reubens (Flemish)

1577-1640 Worked for the Hapsburg court in

Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands)

Emphasized color and sensuality Animated figures, melodramatic,

huge About one half of his work dealt with

Christian subjects Was known for his sensual nudes,

Saints, Angels, Roman Goddesses, Water Nymphs

Rubens: The Issue of Souls in Purgatory