Chapter 14: Love and Hate This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public

Chapter 14:

Love and Hate

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Biological Explanations of HateEthological Explanations

◦Aggression was adaptive in the evolution of our species Due to territory or mating

◦Not good at explaining individual and cross-cultural variations in aggression

◦Speculative, since we can’t know what the situation was in our evolutionary past


Biological Explanations of HateBrain Disorders

◦Structural abnormalities

◦Low density of dopamine receptors

◦Drug-induced


Psychoanalytic Approaches to Hate

Thanatos◦The drive toward death and self-

destructive behavior◦Some people may utilize defense

mechanism to detour thanatos projecting this drive onto others Displacing to a safer target


Neo-Analytic Views of HateJung’s “shadow” archetype

◦Primitive aggressive instinctsErikson: failure to resolve any

of the first three ego crises might result in hostility◦Trust vs. mistrust◦Autonomy vs. shame◦Initiative vs. guilt


Neo-Analytic Views of HateAdler focused on early social

experiences

◦Children who are rejected by parents may experience feelings of inferiority

◦These individuals may then overcompensate for this inferiority by aggression


Neo-Analytic Views of HateHorney also focused on early

social experiences

◦Children who do not feel safe become anxious

◦To protect themselves, some of these children develop an aggressive personality


Hate and Authoritarianism

Erich Fromm: Both culture and a person’s past experiences are sources of hatred◦Biology provides capacity for

violence◦Negative relationships with

parents◦Failure to find meaning in our

society◦Authoritarian personality type Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Humanistic Perspective on Hate

Rogers◦A lack of positive regard results in

negative emotions◦Parents who place conditions on

their positive regard will likely have an anxious child

Maslow◦Unmet safety needs result in a

neurotic passive-aggressive personality


Hatred as a TraitTraits are part of the dynamic

organization of personality that incline an individual to behave in certain ways

Eysenck’s Big Three◦Psychoticism—impulsive, cruel,

tough-minded, and anti-social


Hatred as a TraitCattell

◦Low on factor A—aloof and critical◦Low on factor C—emotionally unstable◦High on factor E—dominant and

aggressive◦Low on factor I—tough-minded◦High on factor L—suspicious

◦Extreme scores on these factors describe a cold-blooded killer


Cognitive Approaches to Hate

How we understand the world determines our actions◦If we see a hostile world, we lash out

Kelly◦Cognitive simplicity—Some people

do not make many distinctions among others

◦Allows one to view whole groups of people as “enemies”


Learning HateAggression is acquired

through the same mechanisms as all behavior◦Classical conditioning

hateful emotions are conditioned responses

◦Operant conditioning reinforcements shape aggressive

behavior


Learning HateSocial Learning Theory

◦Incorporates the idea of learning hateful behavior through observation and modeling

◦Perpetuation of the cycle of child abuse through modeling


Cultural Differences in HatredThere are huge societal

differences in levels of hostility and aggression

There are also differences in how much hostility/aggression is deemed socially acceptable


Ethological Explanations of LoveLove is innate because it was

adaptive in our evolutionary history

Males look for an attractive mate who can conceive and bear healthy young children

Females look for a mate with resources who can provide for her offspring


Ethological Explanations of Love

Buss & Angleitner, 1989◦Men emphasized physical

attractiveness in potential mates◦Women highlighted earning ability in

potential matesAre these differences due to

gender role expectations?◦These gender differences were

found to exist across 33 different countries


Psychoanalytic Explanations for LoveFreud viewed love as arising

from sexual instincts◦During the oral stage the mother

provided erotic pleasure—mother is the first love object

◦Adult love is a result of the sexual satisfaction that is received (or anticipated) from one’s sexual partner


Neo-Analytic Explanations for LoveObject relations approach

◦Relationship with mother is the model

Erickson◦Mature love develops during the

stage of intimacy vs. isolation◦Occurs in one’s early twenties◦Only those who have found their

identity will be able to experience true intimacy


Neo-Analytic Explanations for Love

Shaver’s three romantic styles◦Secure lovers◦Avoidant lovers (uncomfortable with

closeness)◦Anxious-ambivalent lovers (insecure

and desperate)These styles are all modeled after

childhood attachments


Cognitive Explanations for LoveDistinguish liking and respect

from love and passion

Thoughts and feelings are both central to the experience of love


Humanistic/ Existential Perspectives on LovePeople who realize their potential

are the people who can have the truest love

Rogers◦Children who learn to accept

themselves become capable of true love


Humanistic/ Existential Perspectives on Love

Maslow Love can be pursued after

physiological and safety needs have been satisfied

Types of love B-love (Being love, unselfish)

Limited to people who are more self-actualized

Help their partners become self-actualized D-love (Deficiency love, selfish)

Needy, immature people can only experience D-love


Humanistic/ Existential Perspectives on LoveFromm

◦Love is the one thing that actually makes us human

◦Love is the result of our striving for contact with others

◦Immature vs. mature love Taking versus giving Respect and devotion in mature love


Humanistic/ Existential Perspectives on LoveRollo May’s five types of love

◦Sex (lust)◦Eros (procreative)◦Philia--Brotherly Love◦Agape (unselfish devotion to another)◦Authentic Love

Incorporates the other typesLove requires will to be meaningful

and lasting


Cultural Differences in LoveThere are societal and cultural

differences in the expression of love

◦Arranged marriages◦Attitudes toward sex◦Practical ideals of love


Love Gone WrongRisky behavior

◦Extroverts are more sexually adventurous

◦Sensation-seeking and impulsivity◦Psychoticism linked to sexual risk-

takingSexually Violent behavior

◦Dominance, hostility, and psychoticism are related to sexual aggression

◦The Attraction to Sexual Aggression Scale


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Chapter 14: Love and Hate This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public