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© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 2
1990s to the present
• Neoclassical school– A historically conscious movement– Traced its history through the African American jazz
legacy
• Jazz as an art form is now defined as a blending of African and Western European traditions
• Musicians are now more aware of the historic perspective
• Consensus in the jazz community of its “Art Form” status
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 3
The Jazz Canon
• Many prominent contemporary players now look back more than forward
• Jazz now finds itself on the concert stage, having evolved from the street and dance hall
• An identified heritage of players and music now makes up the mainstream
• Jazz has survived efforts to dilute and redirect it
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 4
The Young Lions
• Fresh young players who support a revival of earlier eras– Younger groups are now products of formal,
institutional jazz training• Must earn the respect of older masters who are still
active players
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 5
Wynton Marsalis (b. 1961)
• Stellar jazz and classical trumpeter• Articulate spokesman for traditional jazz styles;
critic of non-traditional jazz • Has taken jazz to the bastions of European
tradition e.g. Lincoln Center• Those with similar views may inhibit the natural
evolution of jazz
Listen to “Hackensack” CD2, track 13
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 6
Trumpet legacy
• Terence Blanchard (b. 1962)– Accomplished trumpeter,
film score composer,
and businessman
• Nicholas Payton (b. 1973) Blanchard
– Looks beyond bop to Louis Armstrong for inspiration
• Roy Hargrove (b. 1969)– Hard bop and Cuban influences
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 7
Trumpet legacy-continued-
• Jon Faddis (b. 1953)– Disciple and protégé of Dizzy Gillespie– Conductor, band leader
• Wallace Roney (b. 1960)– Introspective style more reminiscent of Miles
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 8
Saxophone legacy
• Joe Lovano (b. 1952)– Played for Woody Herman in the 70s– Gained prominence in the 90s in small group
settings– Wide influence from Coleman Hawkins to
Ornette Coleman
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 9
Saxophone legacy-continued-
• Jane Ira Bloom (b. 1955)– Soprano saxophonist– Bridges the jazz gender gap– Blends many styles and world music
Listen to “Cagney” CD 3, track 6
• Kenny Garrett (b. 1960)– Played with Miles in the 90s– Blends mainstream with other elements
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 10
Saxophone legacy-continued-
• Joshua Redman (b.1969)– Son of free jazz tenor player, Dewey Redman– Virtuosic player in the Coltrane,
Rollins tradition
• James Carter (b. 1969)– Equally strong on all saxes– Broad pallet of influences
Carter
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 11
Piano legacy
• Piano has been a leading historic marker throughout the history of jazz– Able to simultaneously play melody and
harmony– As a solo, trio, and ensemble instrument, piano
has had a rich legacy of historic composers, performers, and pioneers
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 12
Piano legacy-continued-
• Ahmad Jamal (b. 1930) – Connects bop and contemporary players– influenced by Miles and Gil Evans
• Herbie Hancock (b. 1940)– Crossover commercial success in addition to solid
mainstream playing– Film and television credits– R&B hits “Rockit”– Adapted rock and R&B into straight ahead format
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 13
Piano legacy-continued-
• Keith Jarrett (b. 1945)– A master of solo, modern trio, large scale improvisation– Veteran of the Miles Davis group from the late 60s
Listen to “Bop-Be (Take 2)” CD 3, track 7
• Brad Mehldau (b. 1970)– Most direct extension of Bill Evans introspective style– Prefers trio format
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 14
Evolving mainstream
• New players descending from the Coltrane, avant-garde legacy
• John Zorn (b. 1953) saxophonist, composer– Cuts across boundaries with tributes to Ornette Coleman
and others
• Dave Douglas (b. 1963) trumpeter, composer– Hybrid electronic sounds ala Weather Report
• The Bad Plus– Redefines the modern trio– Hybrid styles connecting freer styles with fusion
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 15
Big Band Legacy
• Continuous part of the jazz scene since the 1920s– Consistent instrumentation makes it a fixed
genre for composers
• Reflects all of the historic evolution of composed jazz
• Ghost bands carry on and sometimes expand the original leaders trademarks
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 16
Contemporary large bands
• Many maintain close ties with older styles, while some exhibit new ideas
• Toshiko Akiyoshi (b. 1929) piano, band leader– Compositions feature a
blend of traditional and culture-crossing style
– Carefully crafted arrangements expand the idiom
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 17
Contemporary large bands-continued-
• Don Ellis (1934-1978) trumpet, composer– Used Indian ragas,
rhythms, and meters– Mixed in elements of
gospel and fusion– Devised and used a
quarter tone trumpet
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 18
Contemporary large bands-continued-
• Maria Schneider (b. 1960) composer– Began as assistant to Gil Evans– Multiple Grammy nominations
Listen to “Wyrgly” CD 3, track 1
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 19
Vocal legacy
• Betty Carter (1926-1998)– Influenced by bop instrumentalists– Important straight ahead vocalist
Listen to “You’re Driving Me Crazy” CD 3, track 8
• Sheila Jordan (b. 1928)– Also influenced by bop– Also sang with prominent white players– Sometimes sang in trio setting without piano
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 20
Vocal legacy-continued-
• Cassandra Wilson (b. 1955)– Following the Betty Carter tradition– Responsible for new original material– Crossed over to incorporate other styles
• Bobby McFerrin (b. 1950)– Pioneering vocalist – Often performs solo, recreating essential musical parts
and percussive sounds – Grammy winner and frequent collaborator with other
artists
© 2009 McGraw-Hill All Rights Reserved 21
Vocal legacy-continued-
• Harry Connick Jr. (b. 1967) pianist, singer– In the style of the crooners of the 1940s ala
Frank Sinatra– Popularity is broad and sometimes outside the
jazz community
• Diana Krall (b. 1964) pianist, singer– Also more popular outside the jazz community
Listen to “As Long as I Live” CD3, track 9