Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

Section 1: The Growth ofIndustrial Prosperity

• Differences between 2 Industrial Revolutions– First Industrial Revolution: textiles, railroads,

iron, and coal– Second Industrial Revolution: steel,

chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

• Steel replaced iron – useful in building lighter, smaller, and faster machines

• Electricity became the new form of energy – it could be converted to heat, light, and motion– Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan: light bulb

• Factories could remain open 24hours/day

– Alexander Graham Bell: telephone in 1876– Guglielmo Marconi: radio waves across Atlantic in

1901

• Development of internal-combustion engine provided a new source of power– Ocean liners, airplanes, and automobiles

were a result• 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first flight

in Kitty Hawk, NC• By 1919, the first regular passenger air service

was established

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• New Patterns– Europeans could afford to buy more products

• Increased wages• Lower prices of manufactured goods

– Reduced transportation costs for goods

– Europe was divided into 2 economic zones• Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, &

northern Italy were advanced industrial countries• Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Russia were

largely agricultural countries

• Working Classes– To improve their working conditions, they

formed political parties and socialist trade unions

• Based on the thoughts and ideas of Karl Marx– Wrote The Communist Manifesto which called for a new

social system that would be classless– One of his ideas of socialism would lead to communism

• Most important socialist party was the German Social Democratic Party

– Elected delegates to parliament to help improve conditions for the working class

– Trade Unions• Trade or labor unions were also created to improve

working conditions– Used strikes to raise wages, better working conditions,

and gain the right of collective bargaining

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Section 2: The Emergence ofMass Society

• New Urban Environment– More and more people lived in the cities– The size of cities grew, especially in

industrialized countries• Ex: in London, the population grew from 960,000

to 6,500,000 between 1800 and 1900

– Conditions in the city improved• City medical officers, building inspectors, new

water and drainage systems

• Social Structure– New Elite class: landed aristocrats,

industrialists, bankers, merchants – they became the wealthy upper middle class

– Middle class• Lawyers, doctors, business managers, engineers,

architects, accountants, etc… made up the middle middle class

• The lower middle class consisted of small shopkeepers, traders, peasants

– New white-collar class: salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, secretaries – they were not highly paid but they followed the middle class ideals – believed in hard work and were concerned with the right way of doing things

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– Working Class: peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers, urban working class (skilled artisans and semi-skilled laborers), and the unskilled laborers

• Women in Society– The 2nd Industrial Revolution offered new job

opportunities for women• Industrial plants and retail shops needed clerks,

typists, secretaries, and sales clerks• They found jobs in the fields of education, health,

and social services

– Women began having fewer children because of improved economic conditions and increased use of birth control.

• Women’s Rights– Women began fighting for equality – Early efforts were not very successful;

however, they did gain access to universities and occupations dominated by men

• Women entered the medical field by becoming nurses

– Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class women

– During the 1840s and 1850s, women also wanted the right to vote

• This would not become a possibility in most areas until after World War I

• Education– Between 1870 and 1914, most countries began

establishing state-funded primary schools• Factories needed trained workers• Better-educated voters

– This led to increased literacy which would lead to the rise of newspapers.

• New forms of leisure– People now had shorter work days, weekends

off, and some time off during the summer– Amusement parks and team sports became

popular forms of entertainment

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Section 3: National Stateand Democracy

• Western Europe– Great Britain: 2 party parliamentary system

• Liberal Party and the Conservative Party– both were ruled by upper-middle class business people– Passed laws that expanded the right to vote (all males

over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30)

• Labour Party would emerge, dedicated to the interests of workers

– Helped bring about benefits for workers during sickness and unemployment

– France: Third Republic • Set up by a constitution• Had a president and a 2 house legislature• Failed to set up a successful parliamentary system

– Italy• Lacked a sense of unity

– Poverty-stricken south and industrialized north– Widespread corruption among government officials

• Eastern Europe– Germany: Imperial government with two-

house legislature• Chancellor Otto von Bismarck disagreed with a

democracy

– Austria-Hungary: dual monarchy• Austria – constitutional legislature but the emperor,

Francis Joseph, largely ignored it• Hungary – working parliament that was controlled

by the landowners

– Russia: absolute power of the tsar (czar)• Nicholas II wanted to maintain complete power

– Increase in industrialization led to a revolution in 1905» Workers went to St. Petersburg to present a petition

of grievances» Troops opened fire on the peaceful demonstration» Called “Bloody Sunday” (January 22, 1905)

– He created a legislative body called the Duma but eventually their power was shortened

• North America– United States

• 13th Amendment – abolished slavery• 14th Amendment – gave African-Americans

citizenship• 15th Amendment – gave African-American males

the right to vote• By 1900, the U.S. was the world’s richest nation• Expanded territory

– Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands (annexed in 1898), Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

– Canada• By 1870, consisted of four provinces: Quebec,

Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick– In 1871, Manitoba and British Columbia would be added

• Unity was difficult because the French speaking and English speaking people didn’t trust each other

– It wouldn’t be until 1896 that these two groups would reconcile

**end of notes**

Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness

• Reason, science, and progress were still important ideals. – Universe was seen as a large machine,

composed of solid material bodies called atoms.

• Marie Curie discovered that radium gave off energy and that atoms were little “active worlds”

• Albert Einstein provided a new theory of the universe – relativity: space and matter are not absolute but relative to the observer.

• Sigmund Freud raised questions about the nature of the human mind.– He believed that human behavior was strongly

determined by past experiences and internal forces that the individual was unaware of. These hidden feelings influence behavior because they are a part of the unconscious. He developed psychoanalysis which allows the individual to probe into one’s memory to explain behaviors.

• Anti-semitism is the hostility and discrimination of Jews. Since the Middle Ages they have been mistreated because they have been portrayed as the murderers of Christ.– In Russia, for example, they were forced to

live in certain regions.– Organized massacres, pogroms, occurred

throughout eastern Europe.

• During the 2nd Industrial Revolution, writers and artists would rebel against the traditional styles.– The changes they called for resulted in an artistic

movement known as modernism.– Painting

• Impressionism: began when a group of artists rejected the traditional studios and worked outside.

– Claude Monet sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and sky.

– Other impressionist painters: Pierre Auguste Renoir and Berthe Morisot

• Postimpressionism: interested in color and form over the naturalistic impressionism.

– Vincent Van Gogh, a famous postimpressionist painter, believed that the artist should paint what he feels.

• Cubism was started by Pablo Picasso, who used geometric shapes and designs to recreate reality in the viewer’s mind.

– Architecture• Modernism in architecture gave rise to a principle

called functionalism: idea that the buildings should be functional/useful and free from unnecessary ornamentation.

– U.S. led the way in this idea with two architects: Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.