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Chapter 13
Chapter 13 - Biotechnology
What is biotechnology?
What is biotechnology used for?
When did biotechnology begin?
What are the basic techniques used in modern biotechnology?
How is biotechnology influencing human medicine?
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What is biotechnology?
Alteration of organisms, cells, or biological molecules to achieve specific practical goals
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What is biotechnology used for?
Production of pharmaceuticals
Production of commercial compounds
Agricultural improvements
Environmental cleanup
To better understand the functions and interactions of genes
-Advances in medical treatments
-Advances in agriculture
Diagnosis of genetic disorders
Forensics
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When did biotechnology begin?
Genetic manipulation/alteration of organisms has been occurring for over 10,000 years
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Historical vs. modern genetic manipulation
Historical – breeding
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Domestication of crops began ~10,000B.C.
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Genetic manipulation in the Brassica family
Europe & Mediterranean
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Teosinte – ancestor of corn (Mexico)
Cob selection
5000BC – 2cm
3000BC – 4cm
1000AD – 13cm
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What are the basic techniques of modern biotechnology?
Recombinant DNA technology-Moving small pieces of DNA between organisms
-Cloning Genes
-Isolating DNA from cells
-Restriction enzymes
-Polymerase Chain Reaction
-Gel electrophoresis
-DNA probes
-Genetic engineering
Viral mediated gene transfer
Gene Gun
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
DNA microarrays
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Recombinant DNA technology
Combining genes or parts of genes from different organisms
Transgenic – organisms containing “foreign” genes
Genetically modified organisms = GMOsGenetically modified organisms = GMOs
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Recombinant products
rBST and dairy products
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Is combining genes from different species inappropriately tampering with God’s creation?
DNA recombination occurs naturally1. Sexual reproduction
2. Bacterial transformation
3. Viral transfer of DNA
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Technologies used in cloning genes
1. Isolating DNA from cells
2. Restriction enzymes
3. Gel electrophoresis
4. Polymerase chain reaction
5. Hybridization
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Isolating DNA from cells
Cell membranes are lysed in detergent
Proteins are removed by precipitation
DNA is precipitated with alcohol
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Restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules
Restriction endonucleases (enzymes) cut DNA at specific short palindromic nucleotide sequences
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Agarose gel electrophoresis
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Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Copies specific DNA sequences
A thermal cyclerA thermal cycler
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
25-30 PCR cycles yield ~1 million copies of the DNA sample
Can be used on trace quantities of DNASaliva, hair follicle,
trace dried blood
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Hybridization – detection of specific DNA sequences (utilizes complementary base
pairing)
Southern blotting animation
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Forensic DNA analysis & hybridization
RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis
Began in 1985
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RFLP analysis and hybridization
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RFLP Case Study - OJ Simpson
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Hybridization & medicine: Diagnosis
RFLP analysis can be used in genetic disease diagnosis (sickle-cell anemia)
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Modern forensic DNA analysis
Based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction and STRs (Short tandem repeats)
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STRs and identity
Number of repeats varies (i.e. There are numerous STR “alleles”)
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PCR, STRs and identity
The greater the number of repeats, the longer the DNA pieces amplified by PCR
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What are the basic techniques of modern biotechnology?
Genetic engineering - Addition, deletion, or modification of genes in an organism
Genetic engineering is not limited to the genome of the organism being manipulated
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Genetic engineering & agriculture
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Genetic engineering in plants: Gene gun
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Genetic engineering in plants: Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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Plant biotechnology: Insect resistant crop plants
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)
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Bacillus thuringiensis
BT spores form insecticidal crystal proteins
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Plant biotechnology: Herbicide resistant plants
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Genetic engineering of animals
Genzyme
GFP
Salmon growth hormone Salmon growth hormone gene engineered for gene engineered for constitutive (always on) constitutive (always on) expressionexpression
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How is biotechnology influencing human medicine?
Disease diagnosis and DNA arrays
Microarray construction link
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How is biotechnology influencing human medicine?
Correlating genes & disease
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Biotechnology & whole genome analysis
Whole genome arrays
~$300-500 each
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How is biotechnology influencing human medicine?
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Somatic Cell Gene TherapySomatic Cell Gene Therapy
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Germline Gene Therapy
Chapter 13American Journal of Medicine, Nov. 2003, p. 563
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Biotechnology is regulated
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Biotechnology concerns - allergenicity
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Biotechnology concerns
Gene “escape” via pollen
