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Chapter 12: The Civil War (1861-1865). Section 2: The North & South Face Off. Pages: 375-381. The North & South Face Off. STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376) From the beginning of the war, the North’s primary goal was to restore the Union. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)
– From the beginning of the war, the North’s primary goal was to restore the Union.
• To accomplish this goal, Lincoln and his military advisers adopted a three-part strategy: They sought first to capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital; Second, to gain control of the Mississippi River; and Third, to institute a naval blockade of the south and was nicknamed the Anaconda Plan because it was designed to squeeze the life out of the South like an anaconda snake.
• The Anaconda Plan – naval blockade of the South – was important because the South depended on foreign markets to sell its cotton and to buy supplies
• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)– THE NORTH STRATEGIES (Union)– The Appalachian Mountains divided
most of the action in the Civil War into TWO arenas: the eastern theater and the western theater.
– The Eastern Theatre lay east of the Appalachian Mountains.
– The Western Theatre lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
– Control of the Mississippi River would allow the North to penetrate deep into the South. It would also prevent the Confederacy from using the waterway to re-supply its forces
• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)
– THE SOUTH• The South planned to capture
Washington D.C. and invade the North• Southern leaders hoped for a successful
offensive strike northward through the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland and Pennsylvania. They hoped this would shatter northern morale, disrupt Union communications, win European support, and bring the war to a speedy end.
– Confederate leaders knew that winning the support of France and Great Britain was crucial to the victory for the South.
– Because French and British economies depended heavily on cotton, the Confederacy had confidence that one of the nations would respond to the naval blockade by coming to the South’s aid.
• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)
– THE SOUTH• The South’s strategy failed.• Neither France nor Britain
proved dependent on Confederate cotton.
• French and British mill owners had stockpiled cotton before Fort Sumter’s fall
• THE MILITARY EXPERIENCE: (376-377)– Young recruits in both the Union and
Confederate armies were generally enthusiastic when they first enlisted.
– Most of these newly recruited soldiers had little experience with military life
– There were shortages of clothing, food and even rifles.
– Most troops did not even have standard uniforms; some wore their own clothes
– The Union army Chose BLUE– The Confederate army chose GRAY for
their colors
• THE MILITARY EXPERIENCE: (376-377)– Lack of provisions, coupled with
unsanitary conditions in most field camps, led to deadly problems of disease
– Thousands of soldiers died from illnesses such as influenza, pneumonia and typhoid.
– Disease, infection, and malnutrition took the lives of more than 65% of the soldiers who died during the war
– There were horrible Prisoner-of-War camps: Andersonville a Confederate prison, prisoners at Andersonville died at a rate of 100 per day
– Many soldiers suffered from extreme boredom, homesickness, and loneliness. Some men deserted, but most stuck it out
• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The Civil War had a big impact
on those Americans who stayed home during the War.
– Women and those men who were too young, too old, or physically unable to fight did great things on the home front
• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The North: (378)
• Women replaced the male factory workers and farmers who left for the battlefields.
• Women worked as clerks in the Treasury Department served the government’s first female office workers.
• Other women worked as bankers, morticians, saloon keepers, and steamboat captains during the war.
• Women and boys took the responsibility for growing food during the war
• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The South: (378-379)
• Mary Boykin Chestnut, through her diary, provided a glimpse of life on the home front during the war
• She learned how to manage the plantation
• After the war broke out she played an important role in political and military circles.
• Her diary was published in 1905.
• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The South: (378-379)
• Southerners supported the war effort with a series of patriotic events: parades, barbecues, public figures persuaded young men to join the army, and wealthy members of society pledged money to but arms and uniforms.
• Raffles and auctions raised much-needed funds for the Confederacy
• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The South: (378-379)
• Harsh effects of the Anaconda Plan – naval blockade – set in
• The short supply of basic necessities such as shoes, clothing, and farm equipment caused prices to rise.
• City residents were hardest hit by the war
• Many families were forced to live in single rooms, using one fireplace for both heat and cooking.
• Food shortages forced people to live on beans, boiled potatoes, and corn fritters
• CIVILIAN AID ON THE BATTLEFIELD: (379-380)– Many women actively aided the military
– Some women even dressed like men so they could fight
– Cuban-born Loreta Janeta Velazquez disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the Confederate arm. When she was found out and discharged, she became a spy for the South
– Many women served the war effort in medical roles
– Catholic nuns were among the most important female volunteers for medical duty – they remained neutral and treated both Union and Confederate soldiers, the only group allowed to move freely between the North and South
– In the North, Elizabeth Blackwell – Northerner – was the first woman to become a professionally licensed doctor in the United States
• CIVILIAN AID ON THE BATTLEFIELD: (379-380)– In the South, women also provided
medical aid to soldiers.– Sally Louisa Tompkins was among
the Confederate women who founded small hospitals and clinics. She eventually commissioned as a captain in the Confederate army so that her Richmond, Virginia, hospital could qualify as a military hospital.
– This made Sally Louisa Tompkins the only recognized female officer in the Confederate forces.
• OPPOSITION TO THE WAR: (380-381)– Although many people on the
home front worked to keep the war effort going and morale high, others voiced their displeasure with the war.
– Opposition to the war grew as the war dragged on longer than anyone had envisioned
• OPPOSTITION TO THE WAR: (380-3810– Southern Opposition: (380)
• Conscription: to draft into army• People did not want to enlist so
Jefferson Davis and Confederate generals implemented a Draft
• The draft placed the major burden of fighting the war on the poor farmers and the working people. But their were draft exemptions for the Rich
• This created tensions between the rich and poor
• OPPOSTITION TO THE WAR: (380-3810– Northern Opposition: (381)
• Some Northerners sympathized with the South and urged peace
• Others thought that the war was too costly in terms of money and human life
• Union Draft Law: Republicans claimed that the draft was designed to force white working-class men to fight for the freedom of African Americans who would come North and steal the white peoples jobs
• Angry whites raged through African American neighborhoods where they attacked and killed people and looted and burned buildings
• By the time the Union troops brought the rioting under control, more than 100 people had been killed
• OPPOSTITION TO THE WAR: (380-3810– Northern Opposition: (381)
• Most northern Democrats who sympathized with the South did not actively interfere with the War effort. Know as Copperheads – a type of poisonous snake- most of these southern sympathizers limited their antiwar activities to speeches and newspaper articles
• Abraham Lincoln, to quiet the Copperheads, suspended some civil liberties, including the constitutional right of habeas corpus –a protection against unlawful punishment
• Thousands of Copperheads and other opponents to the war were arrested and held without trial