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Chapter 12
Foreign Affairs
Voca
bula
ry
Neutrality – a policy of not
choosing sides in a war or
dispute between other
countries
Isolationism – a policy of
avoiding political or military
agreements with other
countries
Embargo – a government
order that stops merchant
ships from leaving or
entering a country’s ports
Voca
bula
ry
Secretary of State – the head of the state
department who oversees matters relating to foreign countries
Doctrine – a statement
of official government
policy in foreign affairs
Wash
ingto
n C
reate
s Fo
reig
n P
olic
y The nation was surrounded by unfriendly powers
Britain (Canada) to the
north & Spain to the
south and west
Neutr
alit
y Though the US had signed an alliance with
France, Washington had to declare neutrality during the
French Revolution, as
the US was not prepared to go to war.
Isola
tionis
m Washington’s warning
of avoiding alliances
became known as isolationism – which would be the new US
foreign policy
The G
reat
Seal
Olive Branch Arrows
What
is F
ore
ign
Polic
y? Principles that guide
the US in future dealings with other nations”
Jay
Treaty
When Chief Justice John Jay went to settle
things with Britain, and in the meantime,
the French saw this as
betrayal and began to
attack American Ships
in retalliation.
XYZ
Aff
air
President Adams sent
representatives to France to end the attacks. They were refused by the French
Prime Minister saying
no peace talks would
take place unless they
paid money to France.
XYZ
Aff
air
(C
on’t
)
Congress voted to recruit and army of 10,000 and build ships. Americans captured over 80 French vessels in this
undeclared war on France. John Adams popularity soared, as
well as The Federalist
Party.
Federa
list
Part
y Succ
ess
Was
War
Good
for
the U
S? Though the Federalist
Party was gaining popularity, Adams wondered if unleashing the arrows
of war on France was
the best thing for the
country?
Mis
sion f
or
Peace Adams stated in 1799
that he was sending a
peace mission to France. The Federalist
Party was furious!
Napole
on
Bonapart
e
By the time the mission reached France, Napoleon Bonaparte was in charge of the French
government. He was
eager to make peace
with both the US and
Britain.
Ass
ignm
ent
Day 1
Complete Worksheet
Barg
ain
ing
Bonaparte agreed to
end the alliance with
France. In return, the
US would not ask France to pay for the
all the ships they had
seized. This burden lied on the government now, but
was a small price to pay for peace.
Losi
ng P
olit
ical
Popula
rity Choosing the olive
branch cost Adams political popularity, and disagreements within the Federalist
Party. Adams had no
regrets.
Peace
Ends
Quic
kly By 1803, France and
Britain were at war again. Both began seizing American ships. This time Jefferson had taken office.
What
to d
o? Jefferson wanted to
continue neutrality, however once Britain
began to kidnap American soldiers, it
became very difficult.
Pira
cy
Americans faced a bigger threat. Barbary
States were robbing ships at sea and then
holding crews for ransom. Both Washington and
Adams paid tribute to
the states for the safety of American ships on the Mediterranean Sea.
No M
ore
Tri
bute
s Jefferson decided that
it was not right to pay
money to the pirates
for safe travels, yet not pay for the XYZ tribute to have peace.
More
Tri
bute
The ruler of Tripoli demanded a higher tribute for the ship’s
safety. Jefferson refused and so Tripoli
declared war on the US. What was worse –
war or paying tribute?
The W
ar Jefferson decided he
hated paying tribute
more. In 1802, he sent
a small fleet of war ships to protect American shipping. It
worked until 1804.
War
Conti
nues
An American ship named the “Philadelphia” crashed
into a reef. The captain and crew were
held for ransom. A naval officer named Decatur raided a Tripoli harbor and set
it ablaze.
Peace
at
Last
! A year after the fire,
Tripoli signed a peace
treaty to stop asking
for tribute payments,
and in return, the US
paid them $60,000 for
the return of the Philadelphia crew.
France
and
Bri
tain
Jefferson tried to convince France and
Britain to leave American ships alone,
only to fail. Jefferson
then proposed an embargo act – a complete halt in trade
with other nations
Em
barg
o
Dis
ast
er
The Embargo Act hurt
Americans way worse
than anyone else. Seamen lost their jobs
with no trade, and ships rotted at deserted docks.
Congress repealed the
act in 1809, and the
attacks continued.
Ass
ignm
ent
#2
Write a persuasive essay saying whether
or not you would have
declared war over the
tribute payments? Do
you agree or disagree
with Jefferson? State
your reasoning.
Madis
on T
ake
s O
ffice
James Madison took office in 1809, and decided to try a new
approach to protecting
ships. He bribed both
France and Britain with a deal to stop trading with their enemies if they ceased their attacks.
Deal o
r N
o D
eal? France agreed, but
Britain refused. Madison wondered if
the country would support a war with Britain?
India
n
Inte
rfere
nce
Southerners and Westerners supported
war to expand lands
west of the Appalachian Mtns. This meant pushing Indians off their land
in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys.
Nati
ve
Am
eri
cans
Unit
e
Two Indians, Tecumseh
and Prophet decided
they must ban together all Native Americans to stop the
settler’s westward march. They built an
Indian center called Prophetstown.
Will
iam
Henry
H
arr
ison
Harrison organized a
militia of troops to take on the Indians. At
dawn on Nov. 7, 1811,
Harrison’s troops were
shaken from their sleep by Indian war cries. At the end of the
day, many were dead
and Prophetstown was
in ruins.
Bri
tish
Help Among the ruins were
British guns. As suspected, the British
forces in Canada were
supplying the Native
Americans with weapons.
Get
Rid
of
Bri
tain
War Hawks in Congress argued that
we needed to drive Britain out of Canada.
This would eliminate
the Indian threats. Then, Canada could be
added to the US. Would Madison agree?
War
of
1812 Madison chose to
abandon isolationism,
and Congress declared
war on Britain on July
17, 1812. However,
the US was very unprepared for war.
War
of
1812
Though the Americans
did not capture Canada, they did make land west of the
Appalachians safe for
settlers. Tecumseh died in battle in 1813
in Canada. This eventually lead to Native Americans being driven out of the
Ohio Valley.
Bri
tish
Att
ack
s
In Aug. of 1814, Britain
invaded Washington, D.C.
and burned the city. From
there, they turned to
Baltimore. On Sept 13,
1814, British warships
shelled the Baltimore
harbor. An American
lawyer, Francis Scott Key,
watched the bombardment. His feelings
were captured in “The
Star-Spangled Banner”
Batt
le o
f N
ew
O
rleans
On Jan. 8, 1815 British
troops marched into
New Orleans and were
met with a deadly fire,
killing 2,000+ troops.
Gen. Andrew Jackson’s
rag tag militia had been successful and
Jackson was a hero.
Jam
es
Monro
e Monroe took office in
1817. Attention turned
from Europe to Mexico
as colonial people were revolting against
Spain. A priest named
Hildalgo started this
revolt.
Cry
of
Dolo
res
Hidalgo’s speech inspired a revolution
that lasted 10 years.
Simon Bolivar and de
San Martin led the revolution across the
north and south and
eventually won their
independence from Spain.
Support
Lati
n
Am
eri
ca Monroe asked former
presidents for advice
on New Latin Nations
and if the US should
support them.
The M
onro
e
Doct
rine In 1823, Monroe made
a speech to Congress
announcing a new policy against European efforts to control North and South America.
The M
onro
e
Doct
rine
Americans cheered Monroe’s message, but Europeans were outraged at America’s
audacity. This was created to protect both the current US and the likes of Latin
American from British
rule.
US F
ore
ign
Polic
ty
The Monroe Doctrine
made isolationism a key principle in US foreign affairs. America was clear it
would not accept interference from Europe. It showed the
world that the US was
bold, confident nation.