Chapter 12Empires In East Asia 660-1350 A.D.

Vocabulary: Part I

Moveable Type: Blocks of metal or wood, each bearing a single character, that can be arranged for page printing

Gentry: A class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social class/status

Acupuncture: Chinese form of medicine. Needles in body to relive stress/pain (Chinese Anatomy)

Clan: Group of people descended from a common ancestorGenghis Khan: United Mongols. Created largest empire in

the worldPax Mongolica: The “Mongol Peace.” A period from 1250-

1350 A.D. when the Mongols imposed stability, law and order across much of Eurasia

Vocabulary: Part II

Kublai Khan: Grandson of Genghis Khan. Goal was to rule/conquer all of China. Tried to conquer Japan multiple times.

Marco Polo: Italian merchant/explorer. Served Kublai Khan for 17 years. Opened Europe to the greatness of China

Shinto: Native Religion of Japan (Nature Based)Samurai: One of the professional warriors who served

Japanese feudal lordsBushido: The strict code of behavior followed by samurai

warriors in Japan Shogun: In feudal Japan, a supreme military commander

who ruled in the name of the Emperor

Vocabulary: Part III

Khmer Empire: A southeast Asian empire, centered in what is now Cambodia, that reached its peak of power around.

Angkor Wat: A temple complex built during the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu

Koryu Dynasty: Dynasty that ruled Korea from 935-1392 A.D.

CHAPTER 12:1

Tang and Song China

Two Great Dynasties in China

The Tang Dynasty Expands China Tang Rulers Create a Powerful Empire After collapse of Han Dynasty in 220 AD, it took until 589

AD for Chinese to restore a new dynasty Tang Emperors lowered taxes and concentrated on foreign

trade and agriculture for income Built Roads/Canals Conquered Northern lands Influences Korea Empress Wu Zhao (Only Women Empress)

Tang Dynasty Map

Empress Wu Zhao

The Tang Dynasty

Scholar-Officials Tang revived examination system (Civil Service) for

choosing government officials Giant Bureaucracy to rule empire

Tang Lose Power Military expansion had wrecked economy by mid

700’s. Taxes too high Tang lost control of central Asia – Silk Road routes Chinese rebels murdered the last Tang Emperor

(Child)

The Song Dynasty Restores China

Song TaizuFounded Dynasty that

lasted from 960-1279The Song returned

China to prosperity, but steadily lost lands to invading nomads

10 cities over 1 million people

Expanded via “Sea Trade”

Song Dynasty

An Era of Prosperity and Innovation

Science and Technology

Innovations lead to the most advanced society in the world

Movable type and gunpowder were invented

Vietnamese Rice Other inventions

Paper Money Porcelain, Mechanical Clock, The Magnetic Compass

Trade and Foreign Contacts

Trade and Foreign Contacts

Trade expanded over the ocean as the Silk Roads were lost to nomads

Chinese became greatest naval power in the world

Cultural Diffusion: Tea, new ideas in math and astronomy to China, Buddhism to Southeast Asia and Japan

A Golden Age of Poetry and Art

Tang and Song dynasties fostered artistic brilliance

Li Bo and Tu FuTopics:

Life/Confucian Ideas/Battle

Chinese Paintings: Nature/Black Ink

Changes in Chinese Society

Levels of SocietyThe Gentry: Scholar-officials and their

families, emerged as the ruling class in ChinaLaborers, soldiers, and peasants made up the

lowest classes of societyFew control land

The Status of Women

The Status of WomenWomen raised to be

subservient to men, especially in the upper classes

Practice of foot-binding was started, crippled women for life

Was considered a sign of prestige for men

12:2 The Mongol Conquests

Nomads of the Asian Steppe

Vast dry grasslands (Steppe) Trade routes/open lands

Central Asia to Eastern Europe Home of the Hittites, Huns, Turks, Mongols

Dramatic Weather Changes Better weather in the West (constant migration)

Nomads constantly fighting over lands Importance of the HorseDevelopment of Clans vs. Kingdoms

Empire of the Great Khan

The Mongol EmpireTemujinGenghis Khan

(Universal Ruler) United all Mongol

tribes by conquest in 1206 AD

Used organization and new battle tactics to defeat enemies

Fear convinced many people to surrender to Mongols

Genghis Khan 1162-1227

“Man’s greatest fortune is to chase and defeat his enemy, seize his total possessions, leave his married women weeping and wailing, and ride his horse…”

Genghis The Conqueror

Organized Military Followed Chinese Military Organization based on

armies of 10,000 Silk Armor

Gifted Strategist Set up traps on attacking armies Skilled Horsemen

Cruelty Terrifying enemy into surrender Two Choices: Join or Die (Slaughter) Won on Reputation of Cruelty

Mongols as Rulers

Mongols destroyed much of the land that they conquered

4 Khanates: Descendent Rulers Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China) Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) Khanate of Ilkhanate (Persia) Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

Over time, they began to blend into societyFrom 1250 to 1350, Mongol Peace/ Pax

Mongolica fostered trade and cultural diffusion throughout Asia

Consequence: The Bubonic Plague

Tsonjin Bolog, Mongolia

The Mongol Empire12:3

Kublai Khan Conquers China

Kublai Khan, grandson to Genghis Khan“Great Khan”Beginning a New Dynasty

Yuan Dynasty unified China The armies of Kublai Khan conquered China in 1279 Kublai tolerated Chinese traditions and did not change

government Abandoned Mongol Life Style….. Enjoyed Luxuries Moved Capital to China

Failure to Conquer Japan

Kublai sent two invasions to conquer Japan (1274/1281) Forced the Koreans to

build, sail and provide supplies (Why?)

150,000 (Largest Until WWII) Typhoon swept across

the Sea of Japan Shipwrecked on Japanese

rocky coastline Kamikaze Wind “Divine

Wind”

Mongol Rule in China

The Mongols and the Chinese Mongols lived apart from

Chinese Most important

government posts went to Mongols or foreigners

Kublai built canals and roads that improved transportation in China

Extended the Grand Canal

Marco Polo at the Mongol Court

Kublai Khan invited visitors to stay with him

Traveled to China in 1275 and stayed 17 years

His writings were the first European records of China

Encouraged later European interest and exploration of routes to China

The End of Mongol Rule

Yuan Dynasty overthrown Mongols suffered several military defeats, causing

taxes to increase Kublai’s successors were cruel towards the Chinese

people Dynasty overthrown in 1368 By 1480, all lands the Mongols had once ruled became

independent once again

Feudal Powers In Japan Chapter 12:4

The Growth of Japanese Civilization

Geography of Japan Made up of about 4,000 islands Four Main Islands – Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,

Kyushu Very Mountainous, few natural resources Relies on seafood 12% of land is farmable Natural Disasters: Typhoons and Earthquakes

Early Japanese History Shinto Torii Gate

Family clans dominated Japanese culture

Worshiped nature gods and goddess

Shinto Religion Evolves Shinto: meaning “way

of the gods” Respect for nature and

ancestors Kami: Divine spirits that

dwelled in nature

The Growth of Japanese Civilizations

Yamato Emperors

Yamato family ruled as emperors of Japan from the 5th century

Most emperors lacked any real power

Dual Structure of Government

The Growth of Japanese Civilizations

Japanese Culture

The Japanese Adopt Chinese Ideas Buddhism in Japan

Combined traditional Chinese form with aspects of Shinto (Zen Buddhism)

Cultural Borrowing from China In 600s, Japanese sent

envoys to China to study ways of the Chinese

Writing, Cooking, Gardening, Drinking Tea and Hairdressing

Decline of Central Power

Samurai Warriors/Bushido

Landowners living away from the capital set up private armies

Small landowners looked to local lords for protection

Beginning of a “Feudal System” in Japan

Central government not interested in affairs outside of capital

Samurai bodyguards of loyal warriors “one who serves”

Bushido Code “the way of the warrior” Reckless courage Reverence for the gods Fairness Generosity toward weak Dying an honorable

death

Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority

A Samurai's Life

A Samurai's Life

A Samurai's Life

A Samurai's Life

Seppuku

Also called Hara-kiri (Belly Cutting)

The honorable way of taking one’s own life

Bring honor to dishonorable name

Part of Bushido CodePlunge sword into left

side of stomach and cut all the way over to the right

Geisha

The Kamakura Shogunate

Minamoto clans take control in 1192, leader takes title of Shogun, or supreme military ruler

Shogun ruled as military dictator, daimyo ruled each province

Emperor remained as puppet ruler

Emperor

Shogun

Daimyo

Samurai

Peasants/Artisans

Merchants

Kingdom of Southeast Asia and Korea

12:5

Southeast Asia Kingdoms of Southeast Asia Geography

Myanmar (Burma)LaosCambodiaVietnamMalaysiaIndonesia, ThailandSingaporeBruneiPhilippines

India and Pacific Oceans

Indochina and the Islands

Warm Humid Tropics

Monsoon winds/Seasonal winds

Southeast Asia

Influence of India and China The Khmer Empire

Trade ships from China and India

Hindu and Buddhist Missionaries

CambodiaImproved rice and

irrigation (4 crops)Angkor Wat

Hindu Temple to Vishnu 1 square mile Moat Largest religious

structure in the world

Kingdoms of Southeast Asia and Korea

Geography of Korea Early History

Korean PeninsulaMountainous land

divides it from Manchuria

Climate is moderate

Clans and tribes rule

Chinese ruled Centralized

government, Confucianism and writing

Korean Dynasties

The Koryu Dynasty

Wang Kon takes over empireEstablished a central service examFaced the Mongols 20,000 horses, clothing for 1 million soldiers,

children and artisans as slaves