Chapter 1.1 Water Ed

7/25/2019 Chapter 1.1 Water Ed

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CLB11103BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION

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Chapter 1 subtop!s:

1"1 #ater $ %t&ess o' thee&(ro&)e&t

1"* The stru!ture a&+ 'u&!to& o'

)a!ro)o,e!u,es"

1"3 I&tro+u!to& to )etabo,s)

*


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1.1 WATER AND FITNESS OF THE1.1 WATER AND FITNESS OF THE

ENVIRONMENT LIFEENVIRONMENT LIFE

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#h- s .ater so )porta&t to our ,'e/


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Basic factsBasic facts #ater !o&trbutes to the %t&ess o' the

e&(ro&)e&t to support ,'e"

L'e o& earth probab,- e(o,(e+ &.ater"

L(& !e,,s !o&sst o' 20456 .ater"

#ater !o(ers about 37 o' the earth"

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I& &ature8 .ater &atura,,- e9sts & a,, 3

ph-s!a, states o' )atterso,+8 ,;u+a&+ as

L(e bea& & .ater a&+ e(o,(e+ thereL(e bea& & .ater a&+ e(o,(e+ there

'or 3 b,,o& -r be'ore sprea+& to ,a&+"'or 3 b,,o& -r be'ore sprea+& to ,a&+"

#ater pro(+e+ a )e+u) & .h!h#ater pro(+e+ a )e+u) & .h!h

other )o,e!u,es !ou,+ )o(e arou&+"other )o,e!u,es !ou,+ )o(e arou&+"

About *73 o' a&- ora&s)s< bo+- sAbout *73 o' a&- ora&s)s< bo+- s

!o)pose+ o' .ater"!o)pose+ o' .ater"

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Atomic structure of waterAtomic structure of water

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-ONE atom of oxygen bound to TWO atom of !yd"ogen.

- T!e !yd"ogen atom a"e #atta$!ed# to one %de of t!e

oxygen atom

-"eu&t%ng %n a 'ate" mo&e$u&e !a(%ng a )o%t%(e $!a"ge ont!e %de '!e"e t!e !yd"ogen atom a"e and a negat%(e

$!a"ge on t!e ot!e" %de* '!e"e t!e oxygen atom %.

-S%n$e o))o%te e&e$t"%$a& $!a"ge att"a$t* 'ate" mo&e$u&e

tend to att"a$t ea$! ot!e"* ma+%ng 'ate" +%nd of #t%$+y.# >


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The hydrogen atoms

(positive charge)

attracts the oxygen side

(negative charge) of adifferent water

molecule.

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H-+roe& bo&+& o!!urs .he& there s a .ea? &tera!to&

bet.ee& the H $ O ato)s8 bet.ee& @a * or @b )a&- +ere&t.ater )o,e!u,es" 10


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Physical properties of waterPhysical properties of water

Are e9p,a&e+ b- h-+roe& bo&+&Are e9p,a&e+ b- h-+roe& bo&+&

bet.ee& the &+(+ua, )o,e!u,es"bet.ee& the &+(+ua, )o,e!u,es"

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Important Properties of Water

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The properties of waterThe properties of waterPropertyProperty ExplanationExplanation Example of benet toExample of benet to

lifelife

A+heso& @.aterA+heso& @.ater

)o,e!u,es are a+hes(e)o,e!u,es are a+hes(e

The attra!to& o' .aterThe attra!to& o' .ater

)o,e!u,es 'or so,+)o,e!u,es 'or so,+sur'a!essur'a!es

Lea(es pu,, .aterLea(es pu,, .ater

up.ar+ 'ro) the rootsup.ar+ 'ro) the rootssee+s s.e,, a&+see+s s.e,, a&+er)&ateer)&ate

Hh spe!%! heatHh spe!%! heat H-+roe& bo&+s absorbH-+roe& bo&+s absorbheat .he& the- brea?8heat .he& the- brea?8a&+ re,ease heat .he&a&+ re,ease heat .he&

the- 'or)8)&)&the- 'or)8)&)&te)perature !ha&es"te)perature !ha&es"

#ater stab,es the#ater stab,es thete)perature o'te)perature o'ora&s)s a&+ora&s)s a&+

e&(ro&)e&te&(ro&)e&t

Hh heat o'Hh heat o'(aporato&(aporato&

a&- h-+roe& bo&+sa&- h-+roe& bo&+s)ust be bro?e& 'or)ust be bro?e& 'or.ater to e(aporate.ater to e(aporate

E(aporato& o' .aterE(aporato& o' .ater!oo,s bo+- sur'a!e!oo,s bo+- sur'a!e

Lo.er +e&st- o' !eLo.er +e&st- o' !e #ater )o,e!u,es & aater )o,e!u,es & a&!e !r-sta, are spa!e!e !r-sta, are spa!ere,at(e,- 'ar apartre,at(e,- 'ar apart

be!ause o' h-+roe&be!ause o' h-+roe&bo&+&bo&+&

Be!ause !e s ,essBe!ause !e s ,ess+e&se tha& .ater8 ,a?es+e&se tha& .ater8 ,a?es+o &ot 'reee so,+ @o&,-+o &ot 'reee so,+ @o&,-

the sur'a!e part 'reeesthe sur'a!e part 'reees

Hh Po,art-Hh Po,art- Po,ar .ater )o,e!u,esPo,ar .ater )o,e!u,esare attra!te+ to o&s a&+are attra!te+ to o&s a&+

a&- ?&+s o' )o,e!u,esa&- ?&+s o' )o,e!u,es!a& )o(e 'ree,- & !e,,s8!a& )o(e 'ree,- & !e,,s81


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Wate" , mode"ate tem)e"atu"e on Ea"t!

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O"gan%m de)end on t!e $o!e%on of 'ate"

mo&e$u&e.

Cohesion = Phenomenon of a substancebeing held together by hydrogen bonds.

Though hydrogen bonds are transient,enough water molecules are hydrogen

bonded at any given time to give watermore structure than other liuids.

!ontributes to upward water transportin plants by holding the water columntogether. Adhesion of water to vesselwalls counteracts the downward pull ofgravity.

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Surface tension = "easure of how di#cultit is to stretch or brea$ the surface of a

liuid. %n other words, water is stic$y and elastic

&ater has a greater surface tension than

most liuids' function of the fact that atthe air()*+ interface, surface watermolecules are hydrogen bonded to eachother and to the water molecules below.

!auses )*+ to bead shape with smallestarea to volume ratio and allows maximumhydrogen bonding-.

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Water triderWater triderAquarius remigisAquarius remigis

Fur'a!e te&so& pre(e&tsFur'a!e te&so& pre(e&ts

ths o.er 'ro)ths o.er 'ro)sub)er&sub)er&

1>
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Waterstrider.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dscn3156-daisy-water_1200x900.jpg


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Wate"- !%g! )e$%f%$ !eat

)ea&s that .ater !a& absorb a ,ot o'

heat be'ore t be&s to et hot"a,uab,e to &+ustr- !ar ra+ator as a!oo,a&t"

ressts te)perature !ha&es .he&absorbs or re,eases heat

.h- te)perature !ha&e bet.ee&seaso&s s ra+ua, rather tha&su++e&"

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Specifc heat A)ou&t o' heat that )ust be absorbe+or ,ost 'or o&e ra) o' a substa&!e to !ha&e tste)perature b- o&e +eree Ce,sus @1JC

Specifc heat o water O&e !a,ore per ra)per +eree Ce,sus @1 !a,77JC"

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s a result of hydrogen bonding among watermolecules, it ta$es a relatively large heat lossor gain for each /0! change in temperature.

)ydrogen bonds must absorb heat to brea$,and they release heat when they form.

"uch absorbed heat energy is used to disrupt

hydrogen bonds before water molecules canmove faster increase temperature-.

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large body of water can actas a heat sin$, absorbingheat from sunlight duringthe day and summer whilewarming only a few

degrees- and releasingheat during the night andwinter as the watergradually cools.

**


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A a "eu&t..

&ater, $eeps temperature1uctuations within a rangesuitable for life.

!oastal areas have milderclimates than inland.

The marine environment has arelatively stable temperature.

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Water moderates temperatures on !arth

)eat and temperature

Kinetic energy The e&er- o' )oto&"

Heat Tota, ?&et! e&er- +ue to)o,e!u,ar )oto& & a bo+- o' )atter"

Temperature easure o' heat&te&st- +ue to the average ?&et!

e&er- o' )o,e!u,es & a bo+- o' )atter"

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!elsius 2cale at2ea 3evel

2cale !onversion

100JC @*1*JK .ater bo,s

32JC @4>"=JK

hu)a& bo+-te)perature

*3JC @23"JK roo) te)perature

0JC @3*JK .ater'reees

JC 5@JK 3*

4

JK 4JC 3*

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JM JC *23

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*=

W t i th l t f lif


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Water is the solvent of life

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Water is the solvent of life

Solution = liuid that is a completelyhomogenous mixture of two or moresubstances.

Solvent = 4issolving agent of a solution.

Solute = 2ubstance dissolved in a solution.

Aqueous solution = 2olution in whichwater is the solvent.

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F!e&tsts +(+e !he)!a,s &to *F!e&tsts +(+e !he)!a,s &to *

!ateores base+ o& a&t- 'or .ater:!ateores base+ o& a&t- 'or .ater:

1 H-+roph,!1 H-+roph,!

* H-+rophob!* H-+rophob!

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Hyd"o)!%&%$ and !yd"o)!ob%$ ubtan$e

Io&! a&+ po,ar substa&!es are hydrophilic8but &o& po,ar !o)pou&+s are h-+rophob!"

Hydrophilic @H-+ro .ater ph,o ,o(&

propert- o' ha(& a& a&t- 'or .ater" Fo)e ,are h-+roph,! )o,e!u,es !a& absorb

.ater .thout +sso,(&"

Hydrophobic @H-+ro .ater phobos 'ear& propert- o' &ot ha(& a& a&t-'or .ater8 a&+ thus8 &ot be& .aterso,ub,e"

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W t % t%& & t


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Wate" % a (e"at%&e o&(ent

, o'%ng to t!e polarity of t!e 'ate"

mo&e$u&e. H-+roph,!

Io&! !o)pou&+s +sso,(e & .ater

Po,ar !o)pou&+s & e&era,8 are .aterso,ub,e"

H-+rophob! No&po,ar !o)pou&+s @.h!h ha(e

s-))etr! +strbuto& & !hare areNOT .aterso,ub,e"

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So&ute $on$ent"at%on %n a/ueou o&ut%on

"ost biochemical reactions involve

solutes dissolved in water. There are * important uantitativeproperties of aueous solutions5 solute concentration p)

Molecular weight = 2um of the weight ofall atoms in a molecule expressed indaltons-.

Mole = mount of a substance that has amass in grams numerically euivalent toits molecular weight in daltons.

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ost bo,o!a, u+s are .th& the

pH ra&e o' = to >" There are so)ee9!epto&s su!h as sto)a!h a!+ .thpH o' 1"5"

Ea!h pH u&t represe&ts a tenfolddi6erence @s!a,e s ,oarth)!8 so a

s,ht !ha&e & pH a!tua,,-represe&ts a ,are !ha&e & HL"

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The pH F!a,e E9presses A!+t- orA,?a,&t-

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Buffer systems "egulate p# inBuffer systems "egulate p# in

$rganisms$rganisms Buer s-ste)s Q pars o' .ea? a!+s a&+Buer s-ste)s Q pars o' .ea? a!+s a&+

bases that resst pH !ha&es"bases that resst pH !ha&es" H-+ro!h,or! a!+ Q s a stro& a!+ be!auseH-+ro!h,or! a!+ Q s a stro& a!+ be!ause

t re,eases a,, o' ts Ht re,eases a,, o' ts H

A .ea? a!+ Q +oes &ot re,ease a,, o' ts HA .ea? a!+ Q +oes &ot re,ease a,, o' ts H&to so,uto&"&to so,uto&"

E9a)p,e Q !arbo&! a!+8 HE9a)p,e Q !arbo&! a!+8 H**COCO33 Q.h!hQ.h!h

'or)s o&e part o' the hu)a& bo+-


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III. A$%d 0"e$%)%tat%on T!"eaten t!e F%tne of

t!e En(%"onment Acid precipitation = 7ain, snow, or

fog more strongly acidic than p)8.9.

1" Has bee& re!or+e+ as ,o. as pH 1"5 & #estr&a @-ear 1424"

*" O!!urs .he& su,'ur o9+es a&+ &troe&o9+es & the at)osphere rea!t .th .ater &the ar to 'or) a!+s .h!h 'a,, to Earth &pre!ptato&"

3" aor o9+e sour!e s the !o)busto& o''oss, 'ue,s b- &+ustr- a&+ !ars"

" A!+ ra& ae!ts the %t&ess o' thee&(ro&)e&t to support ,'e"

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A photo ta?e& & 14108 sho.s the ee!t o' 00-ears o' .eather& o& a rotes;ue .h!h+e!orates L&!o,& Cathe+ra, & E&,a&+ @,e't"

I& 14>8 o&,- 2 -ears ,ater8 a!+ ra& a&+ otherat)ospher! po,,uto& ha(e .or& the %ure to abare,- re!o&ab,e re)&a&t

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Lo.ers so, pH .h!h ae!ts )&era, so,ub,t-" a-,ea!h out &e!essar- )&era, &utre&ts a&+ &!reasethe !o&!e&trato& o' )&era,s that are pote&ta,,-to9! to (eetato& & hher !o&!e&trato& @e""8a,u)&u)"

Ths !o&trbutes to the +e!,&e o' so)e Europea& a&+North A)er!a& 'orests"

Lo.ers the pH o' ,a?es a&+ po&+s8 a&+ ru&o !arres,ea!he+ out so, )&era,s &to a;uat! e!os-ste)s"

Ths a+(erse,- ae!ts a;uat! ,'e"

Example: In the Wetern !dirondac" #ountain$ thereare la"e with a pH % & that have no fh'

#ow Acid rain affects the fitness of the

environment to support life %

0

What can &e done to reduce the


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What can &e done to reduce the

pro&lem%

A++ &+ustra, po,,uto& !o&tro,s"

De(e,op a&+ use a&tpo,,uto& +e(!es"

I&!rease &(o,(e)e&t o' (oters8!o&su)ers8 po,t!a&s8 a&+ bus&ess,ea+ers"

1

SS


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Summa"ySumma"y11 #ater has u&;ue propertes that )a?e t#ater has u&;ue propertes that )a?e t

esse&ta, 'or ,'e: Coheso&8 a+heso&8 theesse&ta, 'or ,'e: Coheso&8 a+heso&8 theab,t- to +sso,(e h-+roph,! substa&!e8ab,t- to +sso,(e h-+roph,! substa&!e8

ressta&!e to te)perature !ha&e et!"ressta&!e to te)perature !ha&e et!"

** #ater a,so part!pates & the !he)!a,#ater a,so part!pates & the !he)!a,

rea!to&s that susta& ,'e"rea!to&s that susta& ,'e"

33 pH s a )easure o' the !o&!e&trato& o'pH s a )easure o' the !o&!e&trato& o'

h-+roe& o&s & a so,uto&" A!+s ,o.erh-+roe& o&s & a so,uto&" A!+s ,o.er

pH8 bases rase t"pH8 bases rase t" The !orre!t pH s !rt!a, to ,'e

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Chapter 1.1 Water Ed