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Choosing Sides
Once the Civil War began, hundreds of military officers had to choose to support the Union or Confederacy Robert E. Lee-> one the best officers in the U.S.
Army, chose the Confederacy over commanding the Union Army About 1/3 of all officers joined the Confederacy
South contained 7 of 8 military schools = well trained military leaders->military advantage
North had ¾ of U.S. Navy’s officers, also contained most of U.S. warships and shipyards (South had 1)
Advantages
South Had strong military leadership Fighting for just cause
North Larger population Industrial: produced all war materials=more than 90%
of clothing, 93% of unrefined iron=weapons and equipment, produced majority of firearms and gunpowder
Better transportation: more railroad availability Financial: controlled the Nat’l Treasury, revenue from
tariffs, N. Banks held large reserves of money, could pass legislation to raise fund ex. Legal Tender Act
Fighting for just cause
Review Question
How was having a larger population than the South an advantage for the North?
In your opinion, what was the North’s greatest advantage?
Disadvantages
South Industrial: limited resources (only one factory
able to manufacture cannons=Tredegar Iron Works),
Transportation: limited railroads ,only had one rail line connecting East to West in Confederacy (Memphis to Chattanooga)
Financial: couldn’t raise sufficient funds for the war effort (small banks=few cash reserves, Union blockades=reduced trade revenue, printing of paper money caused inflation) Eventually taxed southerners=very upset
Party Politics in the North As the Civil War began, Pres.
Lincoln’s main goal was to preserve the Union Democrats and Republicans were going
to challenge his policies in the process Two Factions of N. Democrats:
1. War Democrats->supported the war & opposed ending slavery
2. Peace Democrats (Copperheads)-> opposed war and called for reuniting through negotiation
Party Politics in the North One major disagreement between
Dems. and Reps. concerned civil liberties In 1862, Congress passed a militia law
requiring states to use conscription Many Dems. opposed the law->violently
w/ riots Pres. Lincoln suspended writs of habeas
corpus for anyone who openly supported or encouraged others to resist military draft
Review Question
How were Northern Democrats divided over the Civil War?
What was put into place by Congress and eventually caused tensions to rise within the Democratic Party?
Weak Southern Government
Even though he had no opposition in the South, Jefferson Davis still faced political problems Confederate Constitution
Emphasized state’s rights and limited central government’s power Often interfered w/ his ability to conduct war
Jefferson Davis also ran into problems when he supported conscription->enforced by martial law His own Vice-President Alexander Stephens
disagreed, objected to forcing people to join the army Davis eventually also suspended writs of habeas corpus
The Diplomatic Challenges
U.S. Civil War put major gov’ts in Europe in a difficult situation U.S. didn’t want European interference Confederate leaders wanted the exact
opposite-> especially the British Wanted British to declare Union blockade
illegal and assist the Confederates Britain and France->depended on the
South’s cotton Some Southern planters refused to sell cotton
to them unless they recognized the Confederacy
The Diplomatic Challenges
British and French met with the Conf. in May 1861 Neither nation was going to recognize the Conf.
until they witnessed decisive victories in the conflict
Trent Affair -> James Mason (Britain) and John Slidell (France), Conf. ministers to Britain and France, were to leave for Europe Slipped past the blockade and boarded the British
ship Trent Charles Wilkes Union captain of the San Jacinto
intercepted the ship and arrested Mason and Slidell Were eventually released due the threat of war with
Britain
Review Question
Why did the Confederacy want Britain and France to recognize them?
Why did the Union want to avoid war with Britain?
The First “Modern” War
1st Modern War Economic and political situation was
very important to outcome Involved huge armies->made up mostly
of civilian volunteers Required vast amount of supplies and
equipment
The First “Modern” War
By 1850’s French and American inventors had improved the new bullet->conoidal->cone shaped More accurate fire
Troops defended positions using trenches and barricades to protect themselves Caused deadly situation for attackers Led to high casualties->attrition
Advantage North-> larger pop.