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Changing Criterion Design Involves the evaluation of the effects of a
treatment on the gradual, systematic increase or decrease of a single target behavior
Frequently used when reinforcement or punishment contingencies are in effect
This is done by changing, in a stepwise fashion, the criterion levels necessary to meet contingencies to increase behavior (positive or negative reinforcement) or to decrease behavior (differential reinforcement procedures or punish)
Changing Criterion Design Continued It is considered a variation of the A-B
Design In changing Criterion Design, After
baseline data are collected (A), the treatment phase (B) is divided into Subphases– Each subphase require changes in the target
behavior that more closely approximate the terminal behavior or goal
The Six Steps of Changing Criterion Design
Step 1- Define the target behavior.
– the behavior should be able to change gradually and in a stepwise fashion
Step 2 Collect baseline data.
– Data should be gathered until they are stable and/or moving in a counterproductive fashion
The Six Steps of Changing Criterion Design
Step 3- Determine level of performance require for the contingent presentation of the reinforcement or punishment
A) Determine goal of behavior B) Determine criterion level for the
first subphase
Determining Criterion Level
1. Determine terminal behavior or goal2. Determine criterion level for the first subphase
by a) Setting the criterion level at the mean of the stable portion of the baseline data, particularly if the initial rate of responding is lowb) Taking 50% of the average of the baseline data and add to the average
Determining Criterion Level Continuedc) Choosing the highest or lowest data point
and use that as the criterion level, useful for social behaviors
d) Use professional judgment
3. Establish the criterion levels for the subsequent subphase. This usually involves a gradual increase or decrease in the criterion levels in the direction of the goal.
The Six Steps of Changing Criterion Design ContinuedStep 4- Begin the intervention. The criterion
required to obtain the treatment is applied.
Step 5- Introduce the next subphase level after the initial criterion level is met.
Step 6- Continue through each subphase in a stepwise fashion until the terminal goal is reached
Issues Related to Changing Criterion Designs
The length of each phaseThe magnitude of the criterion
changes, andThe number of phases or
criterion changes
Length of Each Phase
Phase should be long enough to allow stable responding
Length of phase should be varied if possible
Magnitude of the Criterion Changes Should not be too large or too
small
Use baseline data to help make the determination
Number of Criterion Changes The number of criterion changes actually refers to
the number of phases (subphases) that should be included in the study
The determination will depend on both the length of the phases and the magnitude of the criterion changes
The greater the magnitude of the criterion changes, the fewer the number of phases before the target goal is met
The more times the target behavior changes to meet a new criteria, the more control is demonstrated
Prediction, Verification, & Replication Prediction of the levels of future behaviors
is made when stable responding is attained with in each phase
Replication occurs every time that the behavior changes in the predicted direction based on the predetermined criterion levels
Prediction, Verification, & Replication Verification is possible when either of two
of the previously discussed suggestions to increase internal validity are made– It is demonstrated when the direction of the
criterion levels is reversed and the behavior returns to a previously set criterion level
Advantages Changing Criterion Design Withdrawal of treatment not necessary Good design to evaluate contingency
programs to increase or decrease behavior Gradual change in target behavior results in
educationally or clinically appropriate outcomes
It can be helpful to use when the terminal goal that is set takes a relatively long time to reach
When to Use Changing Criterion Design When the target behavior can change
gradually in a stepwise fashion When the behavior is already in the subject’s
repertoire and needs to be increase or decreased
When the effects of continent reinforcement or punishment procedures need to be evaluated
When withdrawal of treatment is not appropriate
Disadvantages of Changing Criterion Design Target behavior must be able to change in a
gradual, stepwise fashion, Requires time and effort to determine
important parameters of the design (e.g., the number and and lengths of phases)
Not appropriate for treatment approaches that do not use contingent procedures to increase or decrease behaviors
When not to Use Changing Criterion Design When the target behavior cannot be changed in a
gradual, stepwise fashion When the target behavior is not in the subject’s
repertoire When treatments other than the presentation of
contingencies are being evaluated When time and effort cannot be given to
determine the important parameters of the design (number and length of phases, magnitude of criterion changes)
Adaptations of the Changing Criterion Design Primarily involve
– The addition of a phase or phases in which there is reversal to a previous criterion level or
– A return to baseline
Both adaptations are used to demonstrate greater
experimental control of the independent and
dependent variable.
Reversal to a Previous Criterion Level Instead of a steady, stepwise increase or
decrease in the criterion levels, the criterion is reversed one or more times
Provides additional evidence of the functional relationship between treatment and the target behavior
Reinstate Baseline Conditions
More radical reversal in which the stepwise progression is interrupted by returning to baseline conditions
The B phase is the stepwise criterion changes required for the representation of the contingencies
Reinstate Baseline Conditions Continued This design shows a powerful functional
relationship between the independent and dependent variable
It has the ethical liabilities of the withdrawal design because the subject is placed in a nontreatment phase
A more powerful method of demonstrating experimental control