Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 11: Industry
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where is Industry Distributed? • Origin of industry
– From cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution
– Impact of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Figure 11-2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where is Industry Distributed? • Industrial regions
– Europe • Emerged in late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries – North America
• Industry arrived later but spread faster than in Europe
– East Asia
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Industrial Regions
Figure 11-3
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Industrial Areas in Europe
Figure 11-4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Industrial Areas in North America
Figure 11-5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 2 * Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Proximity to inputs – Bulk-reducing
industries – Examples:
• Copper • Steel
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alfred Weber’s Theory of Variable Cost Analysis
A. Bulk Reducing
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Proximity to markets – Bulk-gaining
industries – Examples:
• Fabricated metals • Beverage production
– Single-market manufacturers
– Perishable products
Figure 11-10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
B. Bulk-Gaining
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Ship, rail, truck, or air? – The farther something is transported, the
lower the cost per km/mile – Cost decreases at different rates for each
of the four modes • Truck = most often for short-distance travel • Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) • Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile • Air = most expensive, but very fast
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 3 * Why Are Site Factors Important?
• Labor – The most important site factor – Labor-intensive industries
• Examples: textiles – Textile and apparel spinning – Textile and apparel weaving – Textile and apparel assembly
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cotton Yarn Production
Figure 11-16
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Woven Cotton Fabric Production
Figure 11-17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Production of Women’s Blouses
Figure 11-18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Are Site Factors Important? • Land
– Rural sites – Environmental
factors • Capital
Figure 11-20
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new industrial regions – Changing industrial distribution within
MDCs • Interregional shift within the United States
– Right-to-work laws – Textile production
• Interregional shifts in Europe – Convergence shifts – Competitive and employment regions
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changing U.S. Manufacturing
Figure 11-21
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
European Union Structural Funds
Figure 11-23
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Issue 4: Why are Locations Factor’s Changing?
Location Theory: explains the locations pattern of economic activites
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Location Interdependence Theory (AKA-Variable Revenue Analysis): refers to the influence on a firm’s location decision based upon locations chosen by competitors
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new industrial regions – International shifts in industry
• East Asia • South Asia • Latin America
– Changing distributions – Outsourcing
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global Production
Figure 11-25
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States
Figure 11-26
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Renewed attraction of traditional industrial regions – Proximity to skilled labor
• Fordist, or mass production • Post-Fordist, or lean production • Just-in-time delivery
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronic Computing Manufacturing
Figure 11-28
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing
Figure 11-29
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The End.
Up next: Services
