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CHAPTER 11: HUMAN POPULATIONS
Read pgs. 238-258
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Factors affecting human population sizeFactors affecting human population size Factors affecting human population sizeFactors affecting human population size
Managing population growthManaging population growth Managing population growthManaging population growth
Human population problemsHuman population problems Human population problemsHuman population problems
Factors Affecting Human Population SizeFactors Affecting Human Population Size
Population change equationPopulation change equationPopulation change equationPopulation change equation
Crude birth rate (CBR)Crude birth rate (CBR)Crude birth rate (CBR)Crude birth rate (CBR)
Crude death rate (CDR)Crude death rate (CDR)Crude death rate (CDR)Crude death rate (CDR)
Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 239Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 239Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 239Refer to Fig. 11-2 p. 239
PopulationPopulationChangeChange
PopulationPopulationChangeChange ==== (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
What would happen to the population if the : Births exceeded the deaths? Deaths exceeded the births? Births equaled the deaths?
Zero Population growth (ZPG) is when the population stays stable.
Natural Rate of Increase
<1%
1-1.9%
2-2.9%
3+%Data notavailable
Annual worldpopulation growth
Fig. 11.3, p. 240
Fertility Rates Replacement-level fertility is the
number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. Typically slightly higher than 2. Why?
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. What are the childbearing years?
15-49
Births per woman
< 2
2-2.9
3-3.9
4-4.9
5+
NoData
Fertility Rates Replacement-level fertilityReplacement-level fertility Replacement-level fertilityReplacement-level fertility Total fertility rate (TFR)Total fertility rate (TFR) Total fertility rate (TFR)Total fertility rate (TFR)
Fig. 11.8, p. 242
Factors Affecting BR and TFR
US BR’s US BR’sFig. 11.11, p. 243
see Fig. 11-10 p. 243
Importance of children as a part of the labor force.
Urbanization
Cost of raising and education children
Educational and employment opportunities for women.
IMR
Average age of at which women have their first child.
Factors affecting death rates. Why are people living longer?
Life expectancy is the average number of years a newborn can expect to live.
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of newborns out of a 1,000 who die before their first birthday.
Infant deathsper 1,000 live births
<10<10-35<36-70<71-100<100+Data notavailable
Factors Affecting DR Life expectancyLife expectancy Life expectancyLife expectancy Infant mortality rate (IMR)Infant mortality rate (IMR) Infant mortality rate (IMR)Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Fig. 11.14, p. 246
Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase
Developed Countries5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
0017751775
18001800 1850
185019001900
19501950
20002000 2050
2050
Rat
e p
er 1
,000
peo
ple
Rat
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,000
peo
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Rat
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,000
peo
ple
Rat
e p
er 1
,000
peo
ple
Year
Rate ofnatural increase
Crudebirth rate
Crudedeath rate
Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rateRate of natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rateRate of natural increase = crude birth rate - crude death rate
Developed Countries5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
0017751775
18001800 1850
185019001900
19501950
20002000 2050
2050
Rat
e p
er 1
,000
peo
ple
Rat
e p
er 1
,000
peo
ple
Rat
e p
er 1
,000
peo
ple
Rat
e p
er 1
,000
peo
ple Crude
birth rate
Rate ofnaturalincrease Crude
death rate
Year
Fig. 11.13, p. 245
Ages 0-14Ages 0-14Ages 0-14Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44Ages 15-44Ages 15-44Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+Ages 45-85+Ages 45-85+Ages 45-85+
Rapid GrowthRapid GrowthGuatemalaGuatemala
NigeriaNigeriaSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Rapid GrowthRapid GrowthGuatemalaGuatemala
NigeriaNigeriaSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
Slow GrowthSlow GrowthUnited StatesUnited States
AustraliaAustraliaCanadaCanada
Slow GrowthSlow GrowthUnited StatesUnited States
AustraliaAustraliaCanadaCanada
MaleMale FemaleFemale
Zero GrowthZero GrowthSpainSpainAustriaAustriaGreeceGreece
Zero GrowthZero GrowthSpainSpainAustriaAustriaGreeceGreece
Negative GrowthNegative GrowthGermanyGermanyBulgariaBulgariaSwedenSweden
Negative GrowthNegative GrowthGermanyGermanyBulgariaBulgariaSwedenSweden
Population Age StructurePopulation Age Structure
Fig. 11.16a, p. 247
Solutions: Influencing Population SizeSolutions: Influencing Population Size
MigrationMigrationMigrationMigrationEnvironmental refugeesEnvironmental refugeesEnvironmental refugeesEnvironmental refugees
Reducing birthsReducing birthsReducing birthsReducing births
Family planningFamily planningFamily planningFamily planning
Empowerment of womenEmpowerment of womenEmpowerment of womenEmpowerment of women
Economic rewards and penaltiesEconomic rewards and penaltiesEconomic rewards and penaltiesEconomic rewards and penalties
Demographic Transition GameAll books are closed.Arrange the cards into four
scenarios.Each scenario needs a stage
name, a birth rate, a death rate and a growth rate.
Demographic TransitionA hypothesis for how the growth
rate of human populations change as they become industrialized.
Answers Preindustrial –
high birth rate high death rate zero population growth.
Why? Difficult living conditions. Need high
birth rate to compensate for high infant mortality and high death rate.
Answers Transitional –
high birth rate declining death rate high growth rate.
Why? Living conditions have improved. More
food and health care. Death rates decline faster while birth rates remain high. (infant mortality still an issue)
Answers Industrial –
declining birth rate low death rate low growth rate.
Why? Living conditions continue to improve.
Birth rates approach death rates because of better access to birth control, equality in the workplace, lower infant mortality
Answers Post-Industrial
low birth rate low death rate zero population growth.
Why? Living conditions continue to improve.
Birth rates match death rates (sometimes go below) High costs of living and raising children.
The Demographic Transition
LowLow
HighHigh
Rel
ativ
e p
op
ula
tio
n s
ize
Rel
ativ
e p
op
ula
tio
n s
ize
Rel
ativ
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ize
Rel
ativ
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ula
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ize
Bir
th r
ate
and
dea
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ate
Bir
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ate
and
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ate
(nu
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per
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Bir
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Bir
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00 p
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ear) 8080
7070
6060
5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
00
Stage 1Stage 1PreindustrialPreindustrial
Stage 1Stage 1PreindustrialPreindustrial
Stage 2Stage 2TransindustrialTransindustrial
Stage 2Stage 2TransindustrialTransindustrial
Stage 3Stage 3IndustrialIndustrialStage 3Stage 3
IndustrialIndustrialStage 4Stage 4
PostindustrialPostindustrialStage 4Stage 4
PostindustrialPostindustrial
LowLowgrowth rategrowth rate
LowLowgrowth rategrowth rate
Increasing GrowthIncreasing Growthgrowth rategrowth rate
Increasing GrowthIncreasing Growthgrowth rategrowth rate
Very highVery highgrowth rategrowth rateVery highVery high
growth rategrowth rateDecreasingDecreasinggrowth rategrowth rateDecreasingDecreasinggrowth rategrowth rate
LowLowgrowth rategrowth rate
LowLowgrowth rategrowth rate
ZeroZerogrowth rategrowth rate
ZeroZerogrowth rategrowth rate
NegativeNegativegrowth rategrowth rate
NegativeNegativegrowth rategrowth rate
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
TimeTimeTimeTimeFig. 11.26, p. 255
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India. Read pgs. 257-258Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India. Read pgs. 257-258
Poor planningPoor planningPoor planningPoor planningBureaucratic inefficiencyBureaucratic inefficiencyBureaucratic inefficiencyBureaucratic inefficiencyLow status of womenLow status of womenLow status of womenLow status of womenExtreme povertyExtreme povertyExtreme povertyExtreme povertyLack of supportLack of supportLack of supportLack of support
Generally disappointing results:Generally disappointing results:Generally disappointing results:Generally disappointing results:
Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in ChinaCase Study: Slowing Population Growth in China
Economic incentivesEconomic incentivesEconomic incentivesEconomic incentivesFree medical careFree medical careFree medical careFree medical carePreferential treatmentPreferential treatmentPreferential treatmentPreferential treatment Intrusive and coerciveIntrusive and coercive Intrusive and coerciveIntrusive and coerciveLocally administeredLocally administeredLocally administeredLocally administered
Generally positive results:Generally positive results:Generally positive results:Generally positive results:
Cutting Global Population GrowthCutting Global Population Growth
Family planningFamily planningFamily planningFamily planning
Reduce povertyReduce povertyReduce povertyReduce poverty
Elevate the status of womenElevate the status of womenElevate the status of womenElevate the status of women
3232
3030
2828
2626
2424
2222
2020
1818
1616
1414
00
19101910 19201920 19301930 19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990 20002000 20102010
Bir
ths
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irth
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Bir
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irth
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Demographictransition
DepressionBaby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom
World War II
YearYearYearYear