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Chapter 11. The Expansive Realm of Islam. Muhammad and His Message. Born 570 CE to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 CE, works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity, and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 11
The Expansive Realm of Islam
1
Muhammad and His Message Born 570 CE to merchant family in Mecca
Orphaned as a child
Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 CE, works as merchant
Familiarity with paganism, Christianity, and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
2
Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions ca. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel Monotheism Attracts followers to Mecca
3
The Quran
Record of revelations received during visions
Committed to writing ca. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632 CE)
Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
4
Conflict at Mecca
Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans
Economic threat to existing religious industries (shrines & the Ka’ba)
Denunciation of greed affront to local merchants & aristocracy
5
The Hijra
Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE Year 0 in Muslim calendar
Organizes followers into communal society (the umma)
Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for
sake of umma
6
The “Seal of the Prophets”
***Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism and Christianity
Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts
7
Muhammad’s Return to Mecca
Attack on Mecca, 630 CE Forced Conversion of Mecca to Islam
Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca Approved as pilgrimage site
8
The Ka’ba
9
The Five Pillars of Islam
1. No god but Allah, and Muhammad as His prophet
2. Daily prayer facing Mecca
3. Fasting during the month of Ramada
4. Charity towards the weak and the poor
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once10
Muslims at Prayer
11
Jihad
“Struggle” Against vice and evil Against unbelief, ignorance of Islam
In some circumstances, wage war against unbelievers who threaten Islam
12
Islamic Law: The Sharia
Codification of Islamic law
Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis
Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity
13
The Caliph
No clear to successor to Muhammad identified
Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph (“deputy”)
Leads war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad
14
The Expansion of Islam
Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories
Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory
15
The Expansion of Islam, 632–733 CE
16
The Shia sect
Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr
Ali serves as caliph 656–661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers
Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: “Sunni” sect
17
Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala
18
The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 CE)
From Meccan merchant class
Capital: Damascus, Syria
19
Policy toward Conquered Peoples
Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent
Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
***Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyads’ luxurious living causes further
decline in moral authority
20
The Abbasid Dynasty (750–1258 CE)
Abu al-Abbas: a descendent of Muhammand’s uncle.
Although he was Sunni Arab, allied with Shia and non-Arab Muslims
Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 CE
Invites Umayyads to banquet, then massacres them
21
Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab)
Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion
Dar al-Islam “house of Islam” Growth through military activity of
autonomous Islamic forces, not policies of the caliphs.
22
Abbasid Administration
Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadis)
23
Abbasid Decline
Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional
independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian
nobility
24
Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops
Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing
seasons Agricultural sciences develop Cotton and paper industries develop
Major cities emerge25
Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes Camel caravans Maritime trade
26
Banking and Trade
Scale of trade causes banks to develop Sakk (check)
Joint ventures common
27
Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)
Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa take Spain, early 8th century
Allied to Umayyads, refuse to recognize Abbasid dynasty Form own caliphate Tensions, but interrelationship
28
Changing Status of Women
Quran improves status of women Outlaws female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
Yet male dominance is preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
29
Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values
Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam Establishment of madrasas Importance of the hajj
Sufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity
30
Cultural Influences on Islam
Persia Administration and governance literature
India Mathematics, science, medicine
“Hindi” numbers
Greece Philosophy, especially Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroës (1126–1198)
31