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Chapter 10 Molecular Structure: Solids and Liquids
Electron Configuration of Ionic Compounds
Review
Chapter 10 Slide 2 of 48
Electron-Dot Formulas
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Why look at Electron-Dot Formulas?
Ionic Compounds: Helps to determine formulas
Covalent Compounds: Help us to understand molecular
structures or molecular geometries,
and molecular properties.
Chapter 10 Slide 3 of 48
Preview of Molecular Geometries or Shapes
Chapter 10 Slide 4 of 484
Electron-Dot Symbols
Electron-dot symbols show
• the valence electrons of an atom
• one to four valence electrons as single dots on the sides of an atomic symbol
• Five to eight valence electrons with one or more pairs of dots on the sides of an atomic symbol
Chapter 10 Slide 5 of 48
Valence Electrons in Some Electron-Dot Symbols
5
Chapter 10 Slide 6 of 48
Guide to Writing Electron-Dot Formulas
STEP 1 Determine the arrangement of atoms.
STEP 2 Add the valence electrons from all the atoms.
STEP 3 Attach the central atom to each bonded atom
using one pair of electrons.
STEP 4 Add remaining electrons as lone pairs to
complete octets (2 for H atoms).
STEP 5 If octets are not complete, form one or more
multiple bonds.
Chapter 10 Slide 7 of 48
Multiple Covalent Bonds
In a single bond • One pair of electrons is shared.
In a double bond, • Two pairs of electrons are shared.
In a triple bond.• Three pairs of electrons are shared.
Chapter 10 Slide 8 of 48
Electron-Dot Formulas
Electron-dot formulas show
• The order of bonded atoms in a covalent compound.
• The bonding pairs of electrons between atoms.
• The unshared (lone, non-bonding) valence electrons.
• A central atom with an octet.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 9 of 48
Number of Covalent BondsThe number of covalent bonds can be determinedfrom the number of electrons needed to completean octet.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 10 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula of SF2
Write the electron-dot formula for SF2.
STEP 1 Determine the atom arrangement.
S is the central atom.F S F
STEP 2 Total the valence electrons for 1S and 2F.
1S(6e-) + 2F(7e-) = 20e-
Chapter 10 Slide 11 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula SF2
STEP 3 Attach F atoms to S with one electron pair. F : S : F
Calculate the remaining electrons.20e- - 4 e- = 16e- left
STEP 4 Complete the octets of all atoms by placing remaining e- as 8 lone pairs to complete
octets.
: F : S : F : or : F─S─F :
Chapter 10 Slide 12 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula ClO3-
Write the electron-dot formula for ClO3− .
STEP 1 Determine atom arrangement. Cl is the central atom. O −
O Cl O
STEP 2 Add all the valence electrons for 1Cl and 3O plus 1e- for negative charge on the ion.
1Cl(7e-) + 3 O(6e-) + 1e− = 26e-
Chapter 10 Slide 13 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula ClO3-
STEP 3 Attach each O atom to Cl with one electron pair.
O −
O : Cl : O
Calculate the remaining electrons.
26e- - 6 e- = 20e- left
Chapter 10 Slide 14 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula ClO3-
STEP 4 Complete the octets of all atoms by placing the remaining 20 e- as 10 lone pairs to complete
octets. − −
:O: :O: │
: O : Cl : O : or : O─Cl─O :
Note: Bonding electrons can be shown by a
Chapter 10 Slide 15 of 48
Remember: Multiple Bonds
In a single bond • One pair of electrons is shared.
In a double bond, • Two pairs of electrons are shared.
In a triple bond.• Three pairs of electrons are shared.
Chapter 10 Slide 16 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula of CS2
Write the electron-dot formula for CS2.
STEP 1 Determine the atom arrangement. The C
atom is the central atom. S C S
STEP 2 Total the valence electrons for 1C and 2S.
1C(4e-) + 2S(6e-) = 16e-
Chapter 10 Slide 17 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula CS2
STEP 3 Attach each S atom to C with electron pairs.
S : C : S
Calculate the remaining electrons. 16e- - 4 e- = 12e- left
Chapter 10 Slide 18 of 48
Electron-Dot Formula CS2
STEP 4 Attach 12 remaining electrons as 6 lone pairs to complete octets. .. .. : S : C : S : .. ..
STEP 5 To complete octets, move two lone pairs between C and S atoms to give two double
bonds.
.. .. .. .. : S : : C : : S : or : S = C = S :
Chapter 10 Slide 19 of 48
Multiple Bonds in N2
In nitrogen N2,
• Octets are achieved by sharing three pairs of electrons, which is a triple bond.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 20 of 48
Some Electron-Dot Formulas
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 21 of 48
Electronegativity and Polarity
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 22 of 4822
Electronegativity• is the relative ability of atoms to attract shared
electrons • is higher for nonmetals, with fluorine as the
highest with a value of 4.0 • is lower for metals, with cesium and francium as
the lowest with a value of 0.7 • increases from left to right going across a period
on the periodic table• decreases going down a group on the periodic
table
Electronegativity
Chapter 10 Slide 23 of 48
Some Electronegativity Values for Group A Elements
Low values
High values
Electronegativity increases
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 24 of 48
A nonpolar covalent bond • Occurs between nonmetals.• Is an equal or almost equal sharing of electrons.• Has almost no electronegativity difference (0.0 to
0.4).
Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
DifferenceN-N 3.0 - 3.0 = 0.0 Nonpolar covalent
Cl-Br 3.0 - 2.8 = 0.2 Nonpolar covalentH-Si 2.1 - 1.8 = 0.3 Nonpolar covalent
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Chapter 10 Slide 25 of 48
A polar covalent bond • Occurs between nonmetal atoms.• Is an unequal sharing of electrons.• Has a moderate electronegativity difference
(0.5 to 1.7).
Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Type of
Bond DifferenceO-Cl 3.5 - 3.0 = 0.5 Polar covalentCl-C 3.0 - 2.5 = 0.5 Polar covalentO-S 3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0 Polar covalent
Polar Covalent Bonds
Chapter 10 Slide 26 of 48
Comparing Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 27 of 48
Ionic BondsAn ionic bond • Occurs between metal and nonmetal ions.• Is a result of complete electron transfer.• Has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or more).
Examples: Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference Cl-K 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 Ionic
N-Na 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic
S-Cs 2.5 – 0.7 = 1.8 Ionic
Chapter 10 Slide 28 of 4828
Electronegativity and Bond Types
Chapter 10 Slide 29 of 4829
Predicting Bond Types
Chapter 10 Slide 30 of 48
Use the electronegativity difference to identify the type of bond between the following as:
nonpolar covalent (NP), polar covalent (P), or
ionic (I).
A. K-N 2.2 ionic (I) B. N-O 0.5 polar covalent (P)
C. Cl-Cl 0.0 nonpolar covalent (NP)
D. H-Cl 0.9 polar covalent (P)
Learning Check
Chapter 10 Slide 31 of 4831
Determining Molecular Polarity
The polarity of a molecule is determined from its• electron-dot formula• shape • polarity of the bonds• dipole cancellation
Chapter 10 Slide 32 of 48
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
In water, the molecule is not linear and the bond dipoles do not cancel each other.Therefore, water is a polar molecule.
Chapter 10 Slide 33 of 48
Polar Molecules
A polar molecule • Contains polar bonds.
• Has a separation of positive and negative charge called a dipole indicated with + and - or arrow.
• Has dipoles that do not cancel.
+ - • •
H–Cl H—N—H dipole │
H dipoles do not cancel
Chapter 10 Slide 34 of 48
Nonpolar Molecules
A nonpolar molecule • Contains nonpolar bonds.
Cl–Cl H–H
• Or has a symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds.
O=C=O Cl │
Cl –C–Cl │
Cl
dipoles cancel
Chapter 10 Slide 35 of 48
Polar Bonds and Nonpolar Molecules
For example, the bond dipoles in CO2 cancel each other because CO2 is linear.
Chapter 10 Slide 36 of 48
Attractive Forces Between
Particles
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 37 of 48
Ionic Bonds
In ionic compounds, ionic bonds • Are strong attractive forces.• Hold positive and negative ions together.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 10 Slide 38 of 4838
Dipole-Dipole Attractions
In covalent compounds, polar molecules
• exert attractive forces called dipole-dipole attractions
• form strong dipole attractions called hydrogen bonds between hydrogen atoms bonded to F, O, or N, and other atoms that are strongly electronegative
Chapter 10 Slide 39 of 4839
Dipole-Dipole Attractions
Chapter 10 Slide 40 of 4840
Dispersion Forces
Dispersion forces are• weak attractions between nonpolar molecules• caused by temporary dipoles that develop
when electrons are not distributed equally
Chapter 10 Slide 41 of 4841
Comparison of Bonding and Attractive Forces
Chapter 10 Slide 42 of 4842
Melting Points and Attractive Forces
• Ionic bonds require large amounts of energy to break apart. Ionic compounds have very high melting points.
• Hydrogen bonds are the strongest type of dipole-dipole attractions. They require more energy to break than other dipole attractions. Compounds with hydrogen bonds have moderate melting points.
Chapter 10 Slide 43 of 4843
Melting Points and Attractive Forces (continued)
• Dipole-dipole attractions are weaker than hydrogen bonds, but stronger than dispersion forces. They have low to moderate melting points.
• Dispersion forces are weak and little energy is needed to break them. Compounds with dispersion forces have the lowest melting points.