Chapter 10 Licit and Illicit Drug Use. Defining Addictions patterned use and dependency on mind or mood altering substancespatterned use and dependency

Chapter 10

Licit and Illicit Drug Use

Defining AddictionsDefining Addictions

• patterned use and patterned use and dependency on mind or dependency on mind or mood altering substancesmood altering substances

• interferes with interferes with academic/workacademic/work

• familyfamily• interpersonal relationshipsinterpersonal relationships• social/economic functioningsocial/economic functioning• physical/mental healthphysical/mental health

The Physiology of Addiction- mental, emotional, and Behavioural function occur due to mental, emotional, and Behavioural function occur due to

biochemical reactions between nerve cells and thebiochemical reactions between nerve cells and the bodybody

• Neurotransmitters - Neurotransmitters - biochemical messengers that biochemical messengers that exert influence at specific exert influence at specific receptor cites on nerve cellsreceptor cites on nerve cells

• drugs can alter these cites - drugs can alter these cites - change moods / fill insufficient change moods / fill insufficient amountsamounts

• Tolerance - over time needing Tolerance - over time needing greater amounts of substancegreater amounts of substance

The Addictive ProcessThe Addictive Process

• avoid unpleasant feeling avoid unpleasant feeling or situationor situation

• nurturing through nurturing through avoidanceavoidance

• coping skills not coping skills not developeddeveloped

• addiction increasesaddiction increases• relationships deterioraterelationships deteriorate

Signs of AddictionFour Common Symptoms

Compulsion / ObsessionCompulsion / Obsession

excessive preoccupation with the behaviour / overwhelming need to perform it

Loss of ControlLoss of Control - inability to predict consequences of behaviour as healthy or damaging

Negative Consequences - Negative Consequences - physical damage, physical damage, legal trouble, financial, academic failurelegal trouble, financial, academic failure

Denial Denial - inability to perceive behaviour is self-destructive

Types of Drugsstimulate / depress / hallucinate

• prescription drugsprescription drugs• OCT preparationsOCT preparations• recreational recreational

substancessubstances• herbal preparationsherbal preparations• illicit drugsillicit drugs

Psychoactive drugsPsychoactive drugs• Mood / behaviour Mood / behaviour

alteringaltering

Routes Of Administration of Drugs …how the drug is taken into the body

• Oral Injestion - mouthOral Injestion - mouth• Injection - hupodermic Injection - hupodermic

needleneedle• Intravenous injection - Intravenous injection -

veinvein• Intramuscular injection Intramuscular injection

- muscles- muscles• Subcutanious injection- Subcutanious injection-

fat below skinfat below skin

Routes Of Administration of Drugs …how the drug is taken into the body

• Inhalation - nostrilsInhalation - nostrils• Suppositories - Suppositories -

inserted into anus or inserted into anus or vagina - melt at body vagina - melt at body temp.temp.

• Inunction - through Inunction - through skinskin

Drug Use, Abuse, and Interactions

• drug misuse - using drug misuse - using drug for other reasons drug for other reasons than intendedthan intended

• drug abuse - excessive drug abuse - excessive useuse

• Environmental Environmental factors- main-effect & factors- main-effect & side-effectside-effect

• Set and SettingSet and Setting

Individual Response to Psychoactive DrugsSET & SETTING

• SetSet - how the person thinks……. Mindset - while under the influence

• physical, emotional and social factors / work together or against to influence the drug’s effect

• SettingSetting - external factors / drug taken in a quiet place vs. a loud party

Drug Interactions

• Polydrug use - multiple medication / illicit drugs - simultaneously

• Synergism - two or more drugs taken….produce different effect

• Antagonism - two or more drugs working on same receptor site

Drug Interactions

• Inhibition - drugs compete for same receptor site / reduce effectiveness of each one

• Intolerance - two or more drugs produce uncomfortable symptoms

• Cross - tolerance - developed tolerance to one drug that reduces effectiveness of similar drug

Prescription DrugsTypes

• Antibiotics - fight bacteria / infections

• Analgesics - pain relievers

• Prostaglandin inhibitors - inhibit production & release / associated with pain from arthritis+ menstruation

• Sedatives - CNS - Induces sleep / reduces anxiety

Prescription DrugsTypes!!!

• Tranquilizers - CNS depressants / relax body + calm anxiety

• Antidepressants - used to treat clinically diagnosed depression

• Amphetamines - stimulants / associated dangers

• Rebound effects - withdrawal from stimulants / serious / depression, nausea, violence

• Generic Drugs - chemical names not brand names

Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs

Nonprescription Drugs

• self-diagnoses / self-treatment

• Safe? Abuse? Harmful!!!!!!

Types:

• Analgesic / pain killers / use common + wide spread

• Cold, Cough, Allergy, and Asthma Relievers - Don’t cure / reduce symptoms

• Stimulants - used to keep awake! All night paper writing - students

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs

• Sleeping Aids and Relaxants - induce sleepy/ drowsy feeling

• Dieting Aids - “appetite suppressant” - a stimulant which can be dangerous

• Sympathomimetics - induce stress reaction

Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs

Laxatives - softens stool +

relieves constipation • use for weight loss /

ineffective

Diuretics - promotes increased urination - for weight loss ineffective / water replenished and creates chemical imbalances

Illicit Drugs…… illegal to possess, produce or sell

• Although illegal widely used and Although illegal widely used and remains a problem in Canadaremains a problem in Canada

• Controlled SubstancesControlled Substances• Cocaine - powerful stimulant - Cocaine - powerful stimulant -

leaves from South American leaves from South American Shrub -3.8% casual use 1.4% Shrub -3.8% casual use 1.4% regular in Canadaregular in Canada

• Effects…….Effects…….• Serious results to physical, mental Serious results to physical, mental

and social healthand social health


• Amphetamines - addictive stimulant that improve alertness, lessen fatigue and improve mood

• Marijuana - chopped leaves + flowers from cannabis - heightens reactions to environmental stimuli


• Hashish - thick / sticky resin from cannabis plant

• Marijuana and Medicine - used to reduce nausea in cancer patients and to reduce eye pressure for glaucoma


• opiatesopiates• narcotics (Greek for Stupor) narcotics (Greek for Stupor)

are derived from the parent are derived from the parent drug opiumdrug opium

• opium - made from milky opium - made from milky juice of poppy seedsjuice of poppy seeds

• morphine - pain relievermorphine - pain reliever• codeine - found in cough codeine - found in cough

medicine and painkillersmedicine and painkillers


• Heroin - illegally Heroin - illegally manufactured from manufactured from morphine / injected into blood morphine / injected into blood streamstream

• Methadone Maintenance -Methadone Maintenance -treatment for people addicted treatment for people addicted to opiates - synthetically to opiates - synthetically producedproduced


Psychedelics - distort sensory Psychedelics - distort sensory informationinformation

Reticular formation - relay Reticular formation - relay information to other parts of information to other parts of the brainthe brain

Synesthesia - sensory messages Synesthesia - sensory messages are misinterpretedare misinterpreted

Hallucinations - images perceived Hallucinations - images perceived as real but are notas real but are not


• Lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) - causes sensory (LSD) - causes sensory disruptions - “ACID”disruptions - “ACID”

• Mescaline - hallucinogenic drug Mescaline - hallucinogenic drug

• Peyote - cactus / has parts that Peyote - cactus / has parts that create hallucinogenic effectscreate hallucinogenic effects

• Psilocybin - chemical in Psilocybin - chemical in mushroom causes mushroom causes hallucinogenic effectshallucinogenic effects

Designer Drugs - Synthetically produced drug / Similar effects to Illicit Drugs

Manufactured byManufactured by

underground chemistsunderground chemists

Three types availableThree types available

analoguesanalogues• phencyclidine (PCP)• amphetamine• methamphetamine

Inhalants - sniffed or inhaled

Amyl Nitrate - “poppers or rush”• a vasodilator - used to enhance

orgasm / fainting, dizziness, warmth, skin flushing

Nitrous Oxide - “laughing gas” creates a state of euphoria / floating / illusions

• overdose - unconsciousness, coma or death

Steroids - artificial forms of testosterone / promotes muscle growth + strength

• Ergogenic aid• Athletic performance • Recreational use widespread to look a

certain way- BIG!• Adverse effects - mood swings (“roid

rage”), acne, liver tumors, higher cholesterol levels, hypertension,kidney disease, immune system weakening

• HIV - shared needles!!!


• Women - masculine Women - masculine traits / lowered voice, traits / lowered voice, increased facial + increased facial + body hair , male body hair , male pattern baldness, pattern baldness, enlarged clitoris, enlarged clitoris, decreased breast size, decreased breast size, changes to menstrual changes to menstrual cyclecycle


• Men - shuts down Men - shuts down body’s natural body’s natural production of production of testosteronetestosterone

• develop breastsdevelop breasts• testicles atrophytesticles atrophy

• Is it Worth it????Is it Worth it????

Drugs: Are They Worth IT?Drugs: Are They Worth IT?

• The impact to society is The impact to society is devastating!!!!!devastating!!!!!

• CrimeCrime• RelationshipsRelationships• School / WorkSchool / Work• LifestyleLifestyle• HealthHealth• FunFun• DenialDenial• What is the REAL What is the REAL

problem??problem??

Documents

Chapter 10 Licit and Illicit Drug Use. Defining Addictions patterned use and dependency on mind or mood altering substancespatterned use and dependency