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Chapter 10 Gene mutations 基基基 10.1 Mutant types 基基基基 10.2 Detection 基基基基基基基 10.3 Mechanisms 基基基基基基 10.4 DNA Repair 基基基基基基基 10.5 Mutant part 基基基基基

Chapter 10 Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types 突变类型 10.2 Detection 基因突变的检出

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Chapter 10 Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types 突变类型 10.2 Detection 基因突变的检出 10.3 Mechanisms 基因突变机理 10.4 DNA Repair 基因损伤的修复 10.5 Mutant part 突变的部位. Mutation 突变 Excision repair 切除修复 Point mutation 点突变 Direct repair 直接修复 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

Chapter 10 Gene mutations

基因突变

10.1 Mutant types 突变类型

10.2 Detection 基因突变的检出

10.3 Mechanisms 基因突变机理

10.4 DNA Repair 基因损伤的修复

10.5 Mutant part 突变的部位

Page 2: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

Mutation 突变 Excision repair 切除修复

Point mutation 点突变 Direct repair 直接修复

Gross mutation 大片段突变

Nonsense 无义突变 Transversion 颠换

Frameshift 移码突变 Silent mutation 同义 ( 沉默 ) 突变

Missense 错义突变 Transition 转换

Mutagen 诱变剂

Recombination repair 重组修复

Page 3: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

Gene mutations: Mutations are alterations to the usual DNA sequence of an organism that result from the action of chemical and physical agents or errors of DNA replication. Mutations are perpetuated by the genotype and phenotype. Organisms may have wild-type or mutant phenotypes. Point and gross mutations exist. Only mutations in the coding regions of genes are likely to affect protein function.

10.1 Gene mutations

基因突变:具有遗传效应的 DNA 分子上特定的核苷酸的序列发生改变,导致遗传效应发生相应变化。

Page 4: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

10.1.1 突变类型:根据产生原因:

1. Spontaneous mutation ( 自发突变) : 在自然状态下,生物体起因不明自发产生的一类突变

2. Induced mutation (诱发突变) : 经各种人为因素处理后引起的突变。

根据基因突变的表型效应分:

1. Morphological mutation (形态突变):生物体外形可见的突变。如植株的高矮、种子的形状、翅的长短、眼睛的颜色等

2. Lethal mutation (致死突变):

显性:一产生即导致个体死亡,不可能传递给后代 隐性:二倍体生物中纯合时导致死亡,杂合时被掩盖,在后代 中传递

Page 5: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

3. Conditional lethal mutation (条件致死突变):改变生物体 适应性的突变。

4. 生化突变:生物体形态未发生改变,代谢的生化过程发生了变 化

根据基因突变的遗传密码分:

1. Samesense (or silent) mutation (同义突变): Mutations may occur at the third base of a codon and do not change the encoded amino acid. Silent mutations have no effect on the encoded protein and do not result in a mutant phenotype. 密码子的第三个碱基突变,不改变编码氨基酸

e.g. 亮 aa CUU CUA UUA 对应的 DNA GAA GAT AAT

CUC CUG UUG GAG GAC AAC

Page 6: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出
Page 7: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

2. Missense mutation (错义突变): These point mutations

involve the alteration of a single base which changes a codon

such that the encoded amino acid is altered.

密码子的第一、二位碱基改变导致对应的 aa 改变

Page 8: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

3. Nonsense mutation (无义突变):

Nonsense mutation create stop codons ( UAA/UAG/UGA ) and produce shortened polypeptides

蛋白质合成提前终止,产生不完整的、无正常

活性肽链

Page 9: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

4. Frameshift mutation (移码突变): Frameshift mutations involve insertion or deletion of a base producing an altered reading frame. Frameshift mutations usually have a serious effect on the encoded protein and are associated with mutant phenotypes.

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e.g. ATG TTT CCC AAA GGG TTT --- CCC TAG

TAC AAA GGG TTT CCC AAA --- GGG ATC

mRNA AUG UUU CCC AAA GGG UUU --- CCC UAG( 终止 )

Pro. Met—Phe—Pro— Lys—Gly—Phe ----- Pro

甲硫 苯丙 脯 赖 甘 苯丙 ----- 脯

增加 A/T bp

ATG ATT TCC CAA AGG GTT T-----------------

TAC TAA AGG GTT TCC CAA A----------------

mRNA AUG AUU UCC CAA AGG GUU U----------------

Pro. Met—Ile—--Ser—Gln— Arg—Val--------------

甲硫 异亮 丝 谷氨酰胺 精 缬 ----------

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根据基因突变的碱基类型分:

1. Transition mutation (转换突变):基因 DNA 分子上嘌呤碱之间或嘧啶碱之间的变化 A G T C

2. Transversion mutation (颠换突变):嘌呤碱与嘧啶碱之间的变化 A/G T/C

Page 12: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

10.2 基因突变的检出

1. 生产实践中诱变剂处理作物,后代出现变异,需要检测这些变异是否遗传变异?是显性突变还是隐性突变?

e.g. 纯种种子诱变处理,若 F1 出现与亲本不同性状, F2 性状分离: 3/4 与 F1 一致 , 1/4 与亲本一致,单株自交 F3 不分离株 ( 与 F1 同 ) ,为显性突变纯合株,亲本为隐性纯种 dd 。纯种 诱变 Dd F1 自交 1DD 2Dd 1dd F2

严格单株自交

显性突变纯合株 DD 2DD 4Dd 2dd dd F3

Page 13: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

若诱变后 F1 与亲本一致, F2 3/4 与亲本一致, 1/4 非亲本即隐性突变体纯合株 纯种 F1 Dd 自交 F2 1DD 2Dd 1dd (非亲本类型的隐性突变纯合株 , 亲本为 DD )

若 F1 新性状, F2 消失, F3 未出现,则为不遗传变异

2. 现代遗传学发展,通过直接测定多肽链上 aa 序列和 mRNA 、DNA 中的碱基序列,定性定量分析分子水平上的突变

Page 14: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

10.3 基因突变机理:

1. Physical mutagens ( 物理因素 ):

紫外线、 X 、 γ 射线。

DNA 突变与射线强度成正比

(波长短、能量大、穿透力强、突变厉害)

X 、 γ 射线穿透力强,直接损伤性细胞 DNA

紫外线危害上皮细胞,使 DNA 形成嘧啶二聚体,局部氢

键消失,结构变形, DNA 复制出错,导致基因突变

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High energy ionizing radiation, such an χ-ray and γ-rays c

ause extensive damage to DNA molecules producing stran

d breaks and the destruction of sugars and bases. Nonioni

zing radiation in the form of ultraviolet (UV) light is abso

rbed by bases and can induced structural changes. In part

icular, UV light can cause the formation of structures call

ed cyclobutyl dimers between adjacent pyrimidines, espec

ially thymines. Dimerization causes the bases to stack clos

er together and can result in deletion mutations following

DNA replication.

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2. Chemical mutagens ( 化学因素 ):

1) 碱基类似物的诱发突变:

结构相似的化合物替代天然碱基引起配对出错

2) 碱基作用物诱发突变:

碱基作用物与碱基起化学反应,改变碱基结构

3) 移码插入物诱发突变:

吖啶类化合物的移码插入

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many different chemicals act as mutagens. Base analogs s

ubstitute for normal bases during DNA replication and ca

use mutation by having altered base-pairing patterns. Inte

rcalating agents slip between the bases in the double helix.

They cause the insertion of an extra base during replicatio

n producing a frameshift mutation. Many chemical mutag

ens modify bases, often by the addition of alkyl or aryl gro

ups or by de-amination. DNA also undergoes spontaneous

mutation by reaction with normal chemical species in cells.

Reactive oxygen species present in aerobic cells also dam

age base.

Page 19: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

烷化剂: DNA 碱基上 H 被烷基取代,复制时错配

G 硫酸二乙酯 G-C2H5 (乙基) G-C2H5 / C G-C2H5 / T

( GC GT TA ) 羟胺还原剂:

C-NH2 C-OH CG CT TA

亚硝酸氧化脱氨作用:

A - 氨基 H (次黄嘌呤) A/T H/C CG

C - 氨基 U C/G U/A AT

Page 20: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

3. Biological mutagens ( 生物因素 ) :

病毒或外源 DNA 生物体细胞 DNA 重组 表型改变 突变

a. 转导诱发突变 噬菌体病毒侵染

动植物病毒侵入

b. 转化诱发突变 外源 DNA 受体细胞 (真、原核)

基因重组

c. 转座诱发突变

1950年发现玉米胚乳颜色与 9th染色体上一转入片段( Ac-Ds系统)有关。

Page 21: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

10.4 DNA repair (基因损伤的修复 ) :

The presence of numerous agents that mutate DNA

has led organisms to develop extensive DNA repair me

chanisms.

紫外照射受损形成嘧啶二聚体的三种修复方式:

direct repair

excision repair

recombination repair

Page 22: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

1. Direct repair - Photoreaction (光复活修复):

Enzymes called DNA photolyases are induced by visible lig

ht and repair pyrimidine dimers by breaking the links

that form on dimerization.

嘧啶二聚体 光复合酶 可见光中 解开, DNA 分子恢复原状

Page 23: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

2. Excision repair ( 切除修复或暗修复 ):

This is a complex system which is probably the most common f

orm of DNA repair:

Initially, one of a number of enzymes recognizes nucleotides t

hat are damaged and marks them for repair;

The mark can take the form of a nick in one of the strands of t

he double helix adjacent to the area of damage;

An nuclease removes the damaged base and adjacent bases lea

ving a gap.;

The gap is then filled with new DNA by a DNA polymerase an

d closed by DNA ligase.

Page 24: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

a.内切酶识别二聚体:在二聚体一侧切开

b.DNA 多聚体酶Ⅰ中 5’—3’ 外切酶从切口 5’ 起,一个个将二聚体及附近碱基切除

c. 切口处以另一单链为模板,多聚酶Ⅰ作用下, 5’—3’ 合成新互补单链

d. DNA ligase 片段连接 完成修复

Page 25: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出
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3. Recombination repair ( 重组修复 ):

Recombination is a process which makes new combinations of genetic information on a DNA molecule by cutting and splicing 1

2

1

1’

2

2’

补 1’ 缺

补 2’ 缺

重组

复制

野生型 缺陷型(失活)

1’

2’

Page 29: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

10.5 突变的部位:

DNA mutation is the underlying cause of genetic diseases and

of cancer. Genetic disease are caused by inherited mutations.

Usually a single gene is involved. The mutation arises in a ger

m cell which results in an individual who carries the mutation

in all of their cells and will pass it on to subsequent generatio

ns. Mutations associated with the development of cancer occu

r in somatic cells and often in genes that control cell division.

突变为生物进化、良种选育提供原材料,但对人类健康产生很大危害,其程度与发生部位密切相关。

Page 30: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

1. In somatic cells 体细胞基因突变

a. 动物体细胞突变: 组织、器官、细胞 DNA 损伤(污染的自然环境中) 准确修复

体细胞恢复正常功能 DNA 复制

基因突变

癌症、动脉粥样硬化、白内障、慢性病、衰老(突变积累)等

当代 表现

Page 31: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

b. 植物的体细胞突变(芽变):

叶芽突变 枝条变异 嫁接、扦插 新表型 / 新基因型植株 花芽突变 花序变异 花、果形、色泽及分布上改变

( eg. 大丽菊半红半白头状花序)

Page 32: Chapter 10   Gene mutations 基因突变 10.1 Mutant types  突变类型 10.2 Detection  基因突变的检出

生殖细胞 污染环境(物理、化学、生物诱变剂) DNA 损伤未修复复制后 基因突变 显性突变 子代变异 修复

隐性突变 子代携带 纯合表现 恢复正常

后代正常遗传病发生

2. In sexual cells 生殖细胞突变: