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Chapter 10
Gender Stratification
Gender and Inequality
• Gender– Personal traits & social positions members of
a society attach to being female and male
• Gender stratification– Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and
privilege between men and women
• Male-female biological differences
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance
Gender in a Global Perspective
• Israeli kibbutzim– Gender equality is a stated goal
• George Murdock’s research– Some global agreement about feminine and
masculine tasks
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Gender in a Global Perspective
• Margaret Mead’s research– Culture is key to gender differences
• Gender and culture– What it means to be male or female is mostly
a creation of society
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Patriarchy and Sexism
• Matriarchy–A form of social organization in which females dominate males
• Sexism–Belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or superior
• Institutional sexism–Found throughout the economy
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Patriarchy and Sexism
• The costs of sexism–Sexism has a high price for both women and men
• Inevitability of patriarchy–Most sociologists believe gender is socially constructed and can be changed
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Women’s Power in Global Perspective
Gender and Socialization
• Gender roles (sex roles)–Attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
• Gender affects how we think of ourselves and teaches us how to behave.
• Research suggests that most young people develop personalities that are – A mix of feminine and masculine traits
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Gender and the Family
• Is it a boy or girl?– Color-coding gender
• Traditional notions of gender identity
• Handling of children– Female: passivity and emotion– Male: independence and action
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Peer Groups
• Janet Lever (1978)– Boys favor team sports with complex rules
and clear objectives.– Girls’ sports teach interpersonal skills and the
value of sharing and cooperation.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender and Peer Groups
• Gilligan (1982)– Boys reason according to abstract principles. – Girls consider morality a matter of
responsibility to others.
• Schooling– Gender shapes interests and beliefs, guides
areas of study, and career choices
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Gender and Schooling
• Women became well represented in many fields of study that once excluded them– Mathematics, chemistry, and biology
• Men still predominate in many fields– Engineering, computer science, and the
physical sciences
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Gender and the Mass Media
• White males have center stage
• Minorities locked out until the early 1970s
• Women receive roles based on sex appeal
• The “beauty myth”
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Social Stratification
• 60% of all women work and 72% of working women work full-time
• Women hold primary responsibility for housework & parenting – “second shift”
• Some work defined as “men’s work”
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Social Stratification
• On average, women earn 78 cents for every dollar earned by men
• “Pink-collar” are at the lower end of the pay scale
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Housework: Who Does How Much?
Education, Politics, and Military
• Gender and education• In 2007 women earned 59% of all associate & bachelor degrees, 61% of master’s degrees
• And 50% of doctorates
• Politics–Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education, Politics, and Military
–Women active in local, state politics
• Military–14% of US military personnel are women,
including deployed troops–Culture influences our views of women in the
military
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Women in State Government across the United States
Are Women a Minority?
• At every class level, women have less – Income, wealth, education, & power than men
• Intersection theory– Interplay of race, class, & gender, resulting in
multiple dimensions of disadvantage
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Are Women a Minority?
– Disadvantages linked to gender & race often combine to produce low social standing
• Multilayered system of disadvantage for some and privilege for others
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Violence Against Women
• In the 19th century, men claimed the right to physically discipline their wives
• Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and physical assaults
• Campus and university gender violence
• Gender-linked violence often in the home
• Female genital mutilation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Violence Against Men
• Men are more likely to be both the perpetrators and victims of violence.
• Our culture tends to define masculinity in terms of aggression and violence.
• Men’s lives involve more stress and isolation than women’s lives.
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Sexual Harassment
• Rules for workplace interaction
• Causes of sexual harassment– Culture encourages men to be sexually
assertive & perceive women in sexual terms– Men occupy most positions of power.– “Effect standard”: hostile environment
involves different perceptions of the same behavior
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Female Genital Mutilation in Global Perspective
Pornography
• People take different views of what is and isn’t pornographic
• Pornography as a moral issue
• The gender-stratification point of view considers pornography a power issue
• Promotes violence against women portray-ing them as weak/undeserving of respect
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theoretical Analysis of Gender
• Symbolic-interaction analysis– Gender involves differences in behavior– Women are expected to be more deferential
• Structural-functional analysis– Parsons: Gender forms a complementary set
of roles; links men & women to family units
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Theoretical Analysis of Gender
• Social-conflict analysis– Gender involves differences in power– Engels: Capitalism strengthens male
domination
• Intersection Theory– Multiple systems of stratification based on
race, class, and gender
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Feminism
• Working to increase equality
• Expansion of human choice
• Eliminate gender stratification
• Ending sexual violence
• Promotes sexual freedom
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Types of Feminism
• Opposition to feminism– Threat to male status and privilege– Resistance to feminism is strongest among
women with lower levels of education
• Liberal feminism– Free to develop own talents and interests
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Types of Feminism
• Socialist feminism– Family form must change with some collective
means of carrying out housework & childcare
• Radical feminism– Seek an egalitarian, gender-free society
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Use of Contraception by Married Womenof Childbearing Age