Chapter 1 - What is a Computer (1)

7/27/2019 Chapter 1 - What is a Computer (1)

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Chapter 1

In t roduct ion to Compu ters


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What is a compu ter?

Computer as a professionA computer is an electronic,

programmable device that can store,

retrieve, and process data.


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Basic Elements of a compu ter

ElectronicProgrammableStorage

RetrieveProcess


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Data vs. Info rmation

Data: a collection ofindependent raw facts

Information:

processed data mademeaningful based onthe needs of the user

Desirable Qualities ofInformation:

Relevant

CompleteTimelyAccuratePresentableCost effective


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Data Process ing Cycle

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUTSOURCEUSER

DATA INFOFEEDBACK/CONTROL


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Basic Funct ions

InputOutputProcess

Storage and Retrieve


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Computer Capab i l i t ies

Ability to perform certain logicaloperations (And, Or, Not)

Ability to provide new time dimensions

Ability to store and retrieve informationAbility to control errorAbility to check itself


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Compu ter benef i ts

Increased Productivity (Manufacturing,offices, factories, establishments, BPO)

Information Management (Database,

Cloud Computing)Improved Communication (E-mail,

skype, chat, facebook, tweeter etc.)


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Compu ter Benef its

Speed It can process data in amillionth per second

Accuracy it can perform process in a

number of hours continuouslyRepeatability it can perform repeated

process

Programmability it followsinstructions


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Compu ter l im i tat ions

Dependence on prepared instructionsInability to derive meanings from

objects no feelings

Inability to generate informationIt cannot correct wrong instructionsIt is subject to a breakdown


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Evolut ion o f Compu ters

Hardware

Generations1.Vacuum tubes

2.Transistors3.Integrated Circuits4.Microprocessors

Microminiaturization

TrendsCheaperMore efficient: faster

and more applicationsSmallerMore PortableMuch easier to use

All-in-one devices


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Vacuum tubes


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History o f computers

Abacus. Often wronglyattributed to China. In fact, theoldest surviving abacus wasused in 300 B.C. by theBabylonians. The abacus wasprobably the originalmechanical counting device.

There are two reasons for itspopularity: simple and effective.


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Chinese Swan Pan


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Mechan ical Calcu lat ing Devices

Pascaline (1642). A Frenchman named BlaisePascal invented and built the Pascaline. Useda gear driven counting wheels to do addition.

Blaise Pascal who was a gifted lad fromchildhood wanted to spend more time with hisfather, a tax collector. Since dad was busy athome in adding columns of numbers Blaise

decided to invent a machine which will free hisfather from this tedious task.


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Mechanical Calculating Devices

The Pascaline


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Stepped Reckoner. In the 17th centuryGottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a famousmathematician, invented a device that was

supposed to be able to add and subtract, aswell as multiply, divide, and calculate squareroots. His device, the stepped reckoner,included a cylindrical wheel called Leibniz

wheel and a moveable carriage that was usedto enter the number of digits in themultiplicand.


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Stepped ReckonerGottfried von Leibniz (1674)


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Jacquard Weaving LoomAnother Frenchman

named Joseph-Marie

Jacquard invented aweaving loom. Thisdevice is still used atpresent and is controlled

by cards in which holesare strategicallypunched.


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Punch cards

First used in the Jacquard Loom

Earliest secondary storage device


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Charles Babbage 1791 to 1871


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Charles Babbage

English inventor1791-1871taught math at Cambridge

University

invented a viablemechanical computerequivalent to modern digitalcomputers


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Babbages first computer

Difference Enginebuilt in early 1800s

English Visionary and

Cambridge professor

Charles Babbage inventeda steam driven calculating

machine.

The project was very

important for ocean

navigation.

naval navigation charts


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Babbages second computer

Analytical enginegeneral-purposeused binary systempunched cards as input

branch on result of previousinstructionmachined parts not

accurate enoughnever quite completed

analytical engine, 1834


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Babbages second computer

A device that can add,subtract, multiply and divide. Itwas similar in concept with the12th century digital computers.

The Analytic Engine also had akey function that distinguishescomputers from calculators: the

conditional statement. (x > y?)


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Ada LovelaceFirst

programmer


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Lady augus ta lovelace

Known as the firstprogrammer. She presented theidea that punch cards could beused to instruct Babbage engine

to perform repetitiveinstructions.

Ada invented the subroutine

and was the first to recognizethe importance of looping


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Lady augus ta lovelace

LoopingX = 0;If (x


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Electromechanical Calculating Device

Holleriths Tabulating Machine

Facilitated thetabulation of the1890 census

Used punch cardsto store information


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Electromechanical Calcu lat ing Device

Dr. Herman Hollerith a statistician invented apunch-card tabulating machine that was usedby the US Bureau of Census in completing a

supposedly 10 year census in 3 years at asaving of $5 million dollars. He later built acompany called a Tabulating MachineCompany which, after a few buyouts,

eventually became International BusinessMachines, known today as IBM.

S ith i E hib i t


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Smithsonian Exhib i t


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Atanasoff Berry ComputerAtanasoff-Berry Computer(ABC) - 1942. Dr. John V.Atanasoff, a professor at the

Iowa State University and one ofhis graduates, Clifford E. Berrycame up with the Atanasoff-

Berry Computer, an electronicdigital computer.


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Mark IBuilt as a partnership between IBM and

Harvard University. Howard Aiken, Harvardprofessor invented this first

electromechanical computer. Mark I wasconstructed out of switches, relays, rotatingshafts, and clutches. The machine weighed 5tons, incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8

feet tall and 51 feet long, and had a 50 ftrotating shaft running its length, turned by a 5horsepower electric motor.


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Mark 1


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Grace Hopper. One of the primaryprogrammers for the Mark I. She found thefirst computer "bug": a dead moth that hadgotten into the Mark I and whose wings were

blocking the reading of the holes in the papertape. She created for coining the worddebugging. She later on invented the first

high level language known as the flow-

matic, which eventually became COBOL(Common Business Oriented Language).


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First Computer Bug Reported


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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator AndCalculator) - 1946. The first functional electronicdigital computer and was commissioned by the U.S.Army for military purposes. It was built at theUniversity of Pennsylvania by two professors, JohnMauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert. ENIACwas completed in 1946 at a cost of $3 million, it stood2 stories high, weighed 30 tons, and covered an area

of two football fields. ENIAC's first task was tocompute whether or not it was possible to build ahydrogen bomb.


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ENIACWas created to compute artillery

trajectory

Completed in 1945


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ENIAC at Moo re Schoo l, Universi ty o f

Pennsylvania


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UNIVAC 1UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic

Computer) - 1951. The first functionalgeneral-purpose computer designed byJohn Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.Used to tabulate US Census Statistics

and was even used to predict the 1952presidential elections in the U.S. Thefirst commercial computer.


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UNIVAC ICreated in 1951Predicted the 1952 presidentialelections (Dwight Eisenhower)


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Trans istor based compu ter

Honeywell 400Popular transistor-based computer

during the later part of 1950s and early

part of 1960s.

PDP-8.Invented in 1963. It is now regarded as

the first successful minicomputer.

t ransistor


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t ransistor

PDP 8 f i rst mass produced Mini


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PDP 8, f i rst mass produced Mini


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Integrated Circuit based computer

Computers become lessexpensive, more reliableand smaller in size

I d Ci i b d


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Integrated Circu i t based compu ter

SYSTEM 360Invented by IBM, which led to the use

of integrated circuits and the extinctionof transistor-based computers.


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Microprocessors based computer

MicrochipsComputersbecome lessexpensive,more reliable

and smallerin size


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Modern Day Computers

founders of Apple

sold Blue Boxesdevices used for phreaking

(phone tap)

Wozniak worked for

HP; Jobs worked for

Atari

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

C


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Modern Day Computer

Bill Gates

together with Paul Allen, foundedMicrosoftwas exposed to computers in highschool together with his friends

gifted programmer

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

Altair 8800 (1975)

First electronic PCSold as a do-it-yourself-kitPaved the founding of Microsoft

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

Apple I (1976)

Assembled boards with wooden casing

Had video terminals and keyboard interface

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

Apple II (1977)

First PC with plastic caseFully-colored graphical videointerface (no more blinkinglights and toggle switches)

Jobs encouragedprogrammers to writeprograms for it

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

IBM PC (1980)

IBM needed an OS, so they

contacted MicrosoftBill Gates bought QDOS(Quick and Dirty OperatingSystem) and renamed it

MS-DOSIBM became a best-seller

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

Lisa (1983)

First PC to use GUI (use ofmouse, windows-likeinterface, etc)

Too costly

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

Macintosh (1984)

Next version of Lisa; lessexpensiveFirst to use a 400K 3 FD

Made famous by the Big Brothers

commercial

M d D C t


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Modern Day Computer

1984 Steve Jobs approached Microsoft

to create programs for Mac

1987 first version of Windows was

released, engineered after the MacOSApple sued Microsoft, but opted to

compromise instead

Compu ter App l icat ion


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Compu ter App l icat ion

ATMLand Transportation and Law

EnforcementAirline Reservation System

EducationWeather ForecastingEntertainment

Military ApplicationManufacturing

Classi f icat ion of compu ters


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Classi f icat ion of compu ters

MicrocomputersMinicomputersMainframe computers

Super computers


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Mainframe Computers


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J h M hl l i th U i l


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John Mauchly leaning on the Universal

Au tomat ic Computer


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Digi tal Equ ipment Corporat ion

Mini compu ters

Assabet Mills Maynard MA


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Assabet Mills, Maynard , MA

PDP 8, f i rst mass produced Mini


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p

PDP 11 1970


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PDP 11 1970


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Microcomputers

Intel


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Intel

Ted Hoffdesigns the Intel 4004, the firstmicroprocessor in 1969

based on Digitals PDP-8

A ltair 8800 Computer


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A ltair 8800 Computer

Intel processors


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p

CPU Year Memory

4004 1971 1K8008 1972 16K8080 1974 64K

8088 1980 1M80286 1982 1M80386 1985 4G80486 1989 4GPentium 1993 4G

Microcompu ter Features


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Microcompu ter Features

Flexibility

Low CostsRapid Technological AdvancesThe Future

The futu re


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The futu re

The futu re


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The futu re


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The futu re


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The futu re


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The futu re


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The futu re


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The futu re


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Fifth Generation


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Artificial Intelligent

Expert SystemsVirtual Reality

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Chapter 1 - What is a Computer (1)