CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCING SCIENCE(PENGENALAN SAINS)

SCIENCE

Science is a field of knowledge that relates to the world around usSains ialah satu bidang pengetahuan yang ada kaitan dengan dunia sekeliling kita.

Explain all phenomena or all things about(menerangkan semua kejadian tentang)

Plants and animals

The earth(bumi) and sky (langit)

Weather (cuaca)and wind (angin)

Motion of things(pergerakan

bahan)

How thingsOperate

(Bgmn benda beroperasi)

Flower blossoming

Lightning strikes

rainingBall falling to the ground

Machineoperate

1. Science is a field of knowledge that relates to the world around us.

2. Technology is the application (penggunaan) of scientific knowledge for human needs.

• Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for human needs.

• Science is a fields of knowledge that relates to the world around us.

1. TEMPERATURE

2. Length

3. Mass

4. Electric current

5. Spring balance

6. Compression balance

7. Gravitational pull

8. Weight

9. Curve line

10.Straight line

IMPORTANT OFSCIENCE

(kepentingan sains)

We get to know and understand the environment and ourselves. (membantu kita memahami alam sekeliling dan diri kita)

Can bring answers to the problems we face.(memberi jawapan kepada masalah yang kita hadapi)

Enables us to develop new technologies.(membolehkan kita memperkembangankan teknologi baru)

ImportantContributions(sumbangan sains) of science

and technology to the lives of human being

ImportantContributions(sumbangan sains) of science

and technology to the lives of human being

Health(kesihatan)

Comforts of life (untuk kesenangan hidup)

Communication(komunikasi)

Agriculture(pertanian)

Transport(pengangkutan)

Space pioneering

Entertainment(hiburan)

CAREERS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

CAREERS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

SCIENCEteacher

DOCTOR

dentists

pharmacists

ENGINEER

astronomers

Laboratory safety rule( do) Don’t do

1. Keep the laboratory clean and tidy.(pastikan makmal bersih dan kemas)

1. Do not enter the laboratory without your teacher’s permission.

(jangan masuk dalam makamal tanpa kebenaran guru)

2. Wash all apparatus after use.(cuci peralatan yang telah digunakan)

2. Do not play or run in the laboratory(jangan bermain/berlari dlm makmal)

3. Report any injury or breakage to your teacher immediately.(laporkan sebarang kecederaan /kerosakan kepada guru)

3. Do not eat or drink in the laboratory (jangan makan/minum dalam makmal)

4. Do not taste any chemical.

(jangan merasa sebarang bahan kimia)

Step in a scientific investigation (langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik)

4.

1. Identifying a problem (kenal pasti masalah)

2. Forming a hypothesis (membina hipotesis)

3.Planning the experiment (merancang eksperimen)

Controlling variables (mengawal pemboleh ubah)

.carrying out an investigation (menjalankan eksperimen)

• An investigation is carried out as planned to test a hypothesis. When carrying out an investigation, the following steps are necessary:

5. Collecting data (mengutip data)

6. Analyzing and interpreting data (analisis dan mentafsir data)

7. Making conclusion (membuat kesimpulan)

8. Reporting (menulis laporan)

Fix Number of oscillation

1. A simple pendulum with 10 cm long thread is prepared

2. The pendulum is pulled to one side, then it is released

3. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations is recorded in a table

4. The experiment is repeated using a simple pendulum of different lengths

as shown in the table.

5. A graph showing the length of pendulum versus the time taken for 10 complete oscillations is drawn.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS

1. Measure is important and is often used in science.

(Pengukuran adalah sangat penting dan selalunya digunakan dalam sains)

2. Physical quantities are quantities that can be measured.(kuantiti yang boleh diukur)

2. Example of physical quantities are:a. Length(panjang)b. Mass (jisim)c. Time (masa)d. Temperature (suhu)e. Electric current (arus elektrik)

Physical quantities(kuantiti fizikal)

Physical quantities and the S.I unit for each measurement (kuantiti fizikal dan

unit SI antarabangsa untuk setiap pengukuran ialah)

Physical quantity

(kuantiti fizikal)

S.I unit

(unit SI-antarabangsa)Symbol of unit

Length (panjang) Metre(m)-meter m

Mass (jisim) Kilogram (kg)-kilogram kg

Time (MASA) Second (s)-saat s

Temperature (suhu)

Degree Celsius (ºC) or Kelvin (ºK)-darjah celsius atau Kelvin

K

Electric current (arus elektrik) Ampere-(Ampere)

A

Physical quantity

(kuantiti fizikal)

S.I unit

(unit SI-antarabangsa)Symbol of unit

Length (panjang)

Mass (jisim)

Time (MASA)

Temperature (suhu)

Electric current (arus elektrik)

Early method of measuring length

1. The physical quantities that are used in specificatins and labels of goods have certain values and units.

Example:

Mass (jisim) = 2 kg

Physical quantity(kuantiti fizikal)

Value(nilai)

Unit(unit)

(jengkal) (hasta) (depa)

prefix

1. Prefixes use when the quantities we measure have very big values or very small values.

2. The use of prefixes makes it easier for us to write these measurement.

Prefix Symbol Value of prefix

Kilo- k 1000

Centi- c 1/100

Mili- m 1/1000

1 cm = 10 mm1mm = 1/10 cm (0.1)…………………………………………………1m = 100 cm1 cm = 1/100m (0.01)…………………………………………………1m = 1000 mm1 mm = 1/1000 m (0.001)………………………………………………..1 km = 1000 m1 m = 1/ 1000 km

exercise

Question method

1 cm= ………mm 1 cm X 10 = 10 mm

8 cm= ………mm 8 cm X 10 = 80 mm

10 cm = ………mm ……………………. mm

50 cm = ………mm ……………………. mm

120 cm = ………mm ……………………mm

a. 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)b. 1 mm = 1/10 cm (kecil kepada besar)

x10

÷ ÷ 10

question method

1 mm = …..cm 1 mm X 1/10 = 0.1 cm

9 mm = …..cm …………………….cm

27 mm = …..cm …………………….cm

50 mm = …..cm …………………….cm

89 mm = …..cm ……………………cm

a. 1 cm = 10 mm (besar kepada kecil)1 mm = 1/10 cm (kecil kepada besar)

1. 4 cm = …………….mm

2. 7 cm = …………….mm

3. 14 cm = …………..mm

4. 46 cm = …………..mm

5. 66 cm = …………..mm

6. 5 mm = …………..cm

7. 60 mm = ………….cm

8. 80 mm = ………….cm

9. 190 mm = …………cm

10.210 mm = …………cm

1 cm = 10 mm

1mm = 0.1 cm

X10

÷10

1 m = 100 cm1 cm = 0.01 m

1. 1m = …..cm

2. 3 m = ….cm

3. 7 m = …..cm

4. 21m = …..cm

5. 48 m = ….cm

6. 99 m = …..cm

7. 107m = …..cm

8. 297m= ……cm

1 m = 100 cm1 cm = 0.01 m

1. 1 cm = ……..m

2. 8 cm = ……..m

3. 11cm = …….m

4. 72 cm = ……m

5. 95 cm = ……m

6. 111 cm = …..m

7. 218 cm = …..m

8. 330 cm = …..m

9. 0.2 cm = …..m

10. 0.17 cm= …..m

exercise

1. 4m = …..cm

2. 9 m = ….cm

3. 12 m = …..cm

4. 22m = …..cm

5. 57 m = ….cm

6. 68 cm = …..m

7. 88 cm = …..m

8. 0.5 cm = …..m

9. 0.7 cm = …..m

10. 0.15 cm= …..m

1m = 1000 mm1 mm = 1/1000 m (0.001)

1. 1m= …….mm 6. 1 mm = …….m

2. 2 m = …..mm 7. 2 mm = ……m

3. 7 m = …..mm 8. 50 mm = …..m

4. 40 m = …..mm 9. 89 mm = ……m

5. 79 m = …..mm 10. 100 mm …..m

1 km = 1000 m1 m = 1/ 1000 km =0.001km

1. 1 km= …….m 6. 1000 m = …….km

2. 2 km = …..m 7. 2000 m = ……km

3. 7 km = …..m 8. 5000 m = …..km

4. 40 km = …..m 9. 8900 m = ……km

5. 79 km = …..m 10. 7000 m …..km

Symbols and value ofsymbols for prefixes

Prefix Symbol True value of the symbol

Value of the symbol in standard form

Mega M 1000 000 1 X 106

Kilo k 1000 1 X 103

Desi d o.1 1/10

Centi c 0.01 1/100

Milli m 0.001 1/1000

Micro μ 0.000 001 1 X 10-6

nano n 0.000 000 001 1 X 10-9

Prefix Symbol

Giga G

Tera T

Exa E

Zetta Z

Pico P

Fento F

anto A

Value of the symbol in standard form

1 X 109

1 X 1012

1 X 1018

1 X 1021

1 X 10-12

1 X 10-15

1 X 10-18

1. Change the value of physical quantities below to the standard form, and to prefix form.

a. 3000 g to kgb. 0.0075 m to mmc. 5.5 mm to md. 8.3 mm to km

exercies

CONCEPT OF weight (konsep berat)

1. The weight of an object is the force of the gravitational pull that acts on the object. (Berat suatu objek ialah daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas objek tersebut).

2. The weight of an object can change(berat sesuatu objek boleh berubah kerana ia bergantung kepada tarikan graviti).

3. It depends on the gravitational force that acts on the object at a given place. Because of this, the weight of an object differs from place to place.(Ia bergantung kepada daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas sesuatu objek. Berat adalah berbeza dari satu tempat ke satu tempat)

4. The S.I unit for weight is Newton (N).(unit S.I antarabangsa bagi berat ialah Newton)

5. The weight of an object is measured by using a spring balance or a compression balance.(berat sesuatu objek diukur dengan menggunakan neraca spring dan neraca mampatan).

1. The weight is gravitational pull that acts on the object. (Berat suatu objek ialah daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas objek tersebut).

weight

Balance to measure weight

(neraca spring)(Neraca mampatan)

Laboratory Activity

Salin buku teks m/s…….

1. The mass of an object is the quantity of matter that is present in the object.(Jisim

suatu objek adalah kuantiti jirim yang terkandung di dalam objek tersebut.

2. The mass of an object is fixed although it may be moved to different places (jisim adalah tetap walaupun di tempat yang berlainan).

3. Mass is different from weight. The mass of an object is not influenced by the force of gravitational pull (jisim tidak dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti).

4. The S.I unit for mass is kilogram (kg). Other units for mass is gram (g) and miligram (mg).Unit S.I bagi jisim ialah Kilogram.

5. The instruments for measuring mass are the lever balance, the triple beam balance, the double beam balance, the chemical balance and the electronic balance.

CONCEPT OF MASS(konsep jisim)

Types of balance to measure mass (alat untuk sukat jisim)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT(Perbezaan antara jisim dan berat)

DIFFERENCES Mass(jisim) Weight (berat)

Influence of gravitational force

(pengaruh tarikan graviti)

Quantity of matter present in an object

Not influenced by gravity

Tidak dipengaruhi oleh tarikan graviti)

Weight is gravitational pull that acts on an object

Yes, Influenced by gravity

(dipengaruhi oleh tarikan graviti)

Value

(nilai)

Fixed and does not depend on where it is measured (tetap dan tidak kira tempat)

Changes depending on where it is measured

(berubah mengikut tempat)

Unit of measurement

(unit)

Kilogram (kg), gram (g), and miligram (mg)

Newton (N)

Measuring instruments in the laboratory

(alat)

Lever balance, chemical balance, beam balance

Spring balance or compression balance

DIFFERENCES Mass(jisim) Weight (berat)

Influence of gravitational force

(pengaruh tarikan graviti)

Value

(nilai)

Unit of measurement

(unit)

Measuring instruments in the laboratory

(alat)

USE OF MEASURING TOOLS

MEASUREMENT OF

LENGTH (PANJANG)

MEASURE OF LENGTH

1. Length is the distance between two points (panjang ialah jarak antara 2 titik).

2. The S.I unit = metre (m).unit SI untuk panjang ialah meter (m).

3. Short lengths=JARAK PENDEKA. centimetres (cm) B. or millimetres (mm). Jarak

pendek boleh disukat dalam unit sentimeter(cm) atau milimeter (mm).

4. Long distances (JARAK PANJANG)=5. kilometeres (km). Jarak panjang

disukat dalam unit kilometer.

1 cm = 10 mm

1 m = 100cm

1 km = 1000m

TOOL FOR MEASURING LENGTH

1. How to measure straight line (garis lurus)?use metre ruler.

2. The Correct eye position to read the scale B

Tools for measure the length of long straight lines

3. How to measure long straight line? using measuring tape

4. How to MEASURE CURVED LINE (garisan bengkok) ? a. using thread (benang) and ruler, b. Opisometer (map) c. soft measuring tape

Opisometer (sukat jarak yang bengkang-bengkok

1. What is length? length is the distance between two point.2. Why should the average value (nilai purata) of a few readings be

required? To get a result that is more precise

3. State two advantages of using a measuring tape a. can be used to measure a long straight lineb. Can measure length of ………………………………….

4. State why the meter ruler is not suitable to measure:a. The length of a classroom because the length of a classroom is too long/big

5. The thickness of a strand of hair. because the thickness of a strand of hair is too small/too thin

6. Suggest how you would measure the length of a river on a map. By using opisometer and thread + ruler

Exercise

7. The length of an object can be measure by using a ruler or measuring tape.

8. The length of a curve line can be measured with the use of thread and ruler/ opisometer

areaArea = length X breath =5cm X 3 cm = 15 cm 2

Area = ½ (base X height) = ½ (7 cm X 3 cm) = ½ (21 cm2) = 10.5 cm2

7 cm (base)

3 cm (height)

Length=5 cm

Breath=3 cm

The total surface covered by an object

Square centimetre / cm2

MEASUREMENT OF THE DIAMETER OF AN OBJECT(mengukur diameter sesuatu

objek)

A. Internal diameter measure using internal calipers and ruler

B: External diameter----measure using

external calipers and ruler

C: Diameter of a spherical object(diameter objek berbentuk sfera boleh disukat dengan mengunakan):

(i) Two wooden blocks and a ruler(dua blok kayu)

(i) Two set squares and a ruler (

• THE TICKNESS OF THE BEAKER IS Not uniform (tidak seragam)

• Thickness of beaker=• Test tube/measuring cylinder/burette• Measure the tickness of a hundred sheets of

paper with external calipers and divide the value you obtained by 100.

Conclusion:The external diameter and internal diameter of a

beaker can be measured by using External calipers +ruler and internal calipers +

ruler

Vernier caliper1. Vernier caliper can be used to measure small distances

accurately.

2. Vernier calipers are used for measuring short objects with accuracy such as thickness of an eraser or used to measure the internal and external diameters of objects such as a boiling tube, a measring cylinder, a test tube and the mouth of a conecal flask.

3. The internal jaws are used to measure the internal diameter of a container. The external jaws are used to measure the external diameter of a container.

4. This instrument gives readings with an accuracy of up to 0.01cm.

5. The vernier calipers has two scales. The main scale is graduated in centimetre units. The vernier scales, a scale of 9 mm, has 10 divisions. One division is 0.9 mm.

Vernier calipers

Sukat diameter dalam bikar

Sukat diameterLuar bikar

Micrometer screw gauge digunakan untuk menyukat jarak yang kecil seperti Ketebalan kertas, diameter dawai atau diameter rambut.

MEASUREMENT OF AREA

1. Area is the total surface occupied by an object.(luas permukaan yang diliputi oleh sesuatu objek).

2. Area is measure in square metres (m2), square centimetres (cm2) and square millimetres (mm2) unit.

(luas segi empat)

Dikira dengan:Panjang X lebar

Luas=panjang X lebar 4 cm x 3 cm = 12 cm2

Luas=1/2 tapak X tinggi =1/2 4 cm x 3 cm =1/2 x 12 cm2

= 6 cm2

AREA OF IRREGULAR SHAPES

Measurement volume of liquids1. What is Volume? is the total space occupied by an object (isipadu adalah jumlah ruang yang ditempati oleh suatu objek).

2 Unit ? litres (l), millilitres (ml), cubic metres (m3)/ meter padu, cubic centimetres cm3/sentimeter padu.

Tool (alat)? a. Measuring Cylinderb. burette c. pipette

1 ml = 1 cm3

1 L = 1 000 ml

= 1 000 cm3

1. We use a measuring cylinder, burette or pipette to measure the volume of a liquid.

Cylinder pipette burette

The apparatus show above are use to measureVolume of liquid

3.Two precautionary (langkah berjaga-jaga)

a.Place the measuring cylinder on a flat surface (letakkan measuring cylinder di tempat yang rata)

b.The eye must be on the same level as the meniscus of the liquid

(kedudukan mata mesti selaras dengan paras meniscus.

• Measuring cylinder• Water displacement method• Initial reading (bacaan awal) 39 ml• Final reading (bacaan akhir) 46 mld)Calculate the volume of the lead

block:• Final reading-initial reading• 46ml – 39 ml = 7 ml

a. The lead block should be place on the flat surface.

b. The reading has to be taken at eye level.

Measurement volume (isipadu) of liquids (cecair)

Reading:taken above (atas) the curve of the meniscus. (atas meniskus)

reading :taken below the curve (lengkuk) of the meniscus. (atas meniskus)

MEASUREMENT OF THE VOLUME OF SOLIDS (ISIPADU PEPEJAL and irregular objek (bentuk tidak

tetap)

This technique is call water Displacement Method.

Exercise

Volume of copper lump:45 cm3 – 40 cm3=5 cm3

Volume of cork:51 cm3 – 45 cm3 = 6 cm3

Sink (tenggelam)Because cork does not sink in the

water.

Volume of stone: 50cm3-0cm3=10cm3

Volume of cork: 55cm3- 50cm3=5 cm3